- Source: Varignon frame
The Varignon frame, named after Pierre Varignon, is a mechanical device which can be used to determine an optimal location of a warehouse for the distribution of goods to a set of shops. Optimal means that the sum of the weighted distances of the shops to the warehouse should be minimal. The frame consists of a board with n holes corresponding to the n shops at the locations
x
1
,
.
.
.
x
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1},...\mathbf {x} _{n}}
, n strings are tied together in a knot at one end, the loose ends are passed, one each, through the holes and are attached to weights below the board (see diagram). If the influence of friction and other odds of the real world are neglected, the knot will take a position of equilibrium
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
. It can be shown (see below), that point
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
is the optimal location which minimizes the weighted sum of distances
(1):
D
(
x
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
‖
x
i
−
x
‖
{\displaystyle \ D(\mathbf {x} )=\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {x} \|}
.
The optimization problem is called Weber problem.
Mechanical Problem - Optimization Problem
If the holes have locations
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1},\dots ,\mathbf {x} _{n}}
and the masses of the weights are
m
1
,
.
.
.
,
m
n
{\displaystyle m_{1},...,m_{n}}
then the force acting at the i-th string has the magnitude
m
i
⋅
g
{\displaystyle m_{i}\cdot g}
(
g
=
9.81
m/sec
{\displaystyle g=9.81{\text{m/sec}}}
: constant of gravity) and direction
x
i
−
v
‖
x
i
−
v
‖
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} }{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} \|}}}
(unitvector). Summing up all forces and cancelling the common term
g
{\displaystyle g}
one gets the equation
(2):
F
(
v
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
x
i
−
v
‖
x
i
−
v
‖
=
0
{\displaystyle \ \mathbf {F} (\mathbf {v} )=\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}{\frac {\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} }{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} \|}}=\mathbf {0} }
.
(At the point of equilibrium the sum of all forces is zero !)
This is a non-linear system for the coordinates of point
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
which can be solved iteratively by the Weiszfeld-algorithm (see below)
The connection between equation (1) and equation (2) is:
(3):
F
(
x
)
=
∇
D
(
x
)
=
[
∂
D
∂
x
∂
D
∂
y
]
.
{\displaystyle \ \mathbf {F} (\mathbf {x} )=\nabla D(\mathbf {x} )={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {\partial D}{\partial x}}\\{\frac {\partial D}{\partial y}}\end{bmatrix}}.}
Hence Function
D
{\displaystyle D}
has at point
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
a local extremum and the Varignon frame provides the optimal location experimentally.
Example
For the following example the points are
x
1
=
(
0
,
0
)
,
x
2
=
(
40
,
0
)
,
x
3
=
(
50
,
40
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1}=(0,0),\ \mathbf {x} _{2}=(40,0),\ \mathbf {x} _{3}=(50,40),}
x
4
=
(
10
,
50
)
,
x
5
=
(
−
10
,
30
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{4}=(10,50),\ \mathbf {x} _{5}=(-10,30)}
and the weights
m
1
=
10
,
m
2
=
10
,
m
3
=
20
,
m
4
=
10
,
m
5
=
5
{\displaystyle m_{1}=10,\;m_{2}=10,\;m_{3}=20,\;m_{4}=10,\;m_{5}=5}
.
The coordinates of the optimal solution (red) are
(
32.5
,
30.1
)
{\displaystyle (32.5,30.1)}
and the optimal weighted sum of lengths is
L
op
=
1679
{\displaystyle L_{\text{op}}=1679}
. The second picture shows level curves which consist of points of equal but not optimal sums. Level curves can be used for assigning areas, where the weighted sums do not exceed a fixed level. Geometrically they are implicit curves with equations
D
(
x
)
−
c
=
0
,
c
>
L
op
{\displaystyle \;D(\mathbf {x} )-c=0,\;c>L_{\text{op}}\;}
(see equation (1)).
Special cases n=1 und n=2
In case of
n
=
1
{\displaystyle n=1}
one gets
v
=
x
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\mathbf {x} _{1}}
.
In case of
n
=
2
{\displaystyle n=2}
and
m
2
>
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{2}>m_{1}}
one gets
v
=
x
2
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\mathbf {x} _{2}}
.
In case of
n
=
2
{\displaystyle n=2}
and
m
2
=
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{2}=m_{1}}
point
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
can be any point of the line section
X
1
X
2
¯
{\displaystyle {\overline {X_{1}X_{2}}}}
(see diagram). In this case the level curves (points with the same not-optimal sum) are confocal ellipses with the points
x
1
,
x
2
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1},\mathbf {x} _{2}}
as common foci.
Weiszfeld-algorithm and a fixpoint problem
Replacing in formula (2) vector
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
in the nominator by
v
k
+
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{k+1}}
and in the denominator by
v
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{k}}
and solving the equation for
v
k
+
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{k+1}}
one gets:
(4):
v
k
+
1
=
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
x
i
‖
x
i
−
v
k
‖
/
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
‖
x
i
−
v
k
‖
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbf {v} _{k+1}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {m_{i}\mathbf {x} _{i}}{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} _{k}\|}}{\big /}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {m_{i}}{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {v} _{k}\|}}}
which describes an iteration. A suitable starting point is the center of mass with mass
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
in point
x
i
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}}
:
v
0
=
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
x
i
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{0}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}\mathbf {x} _{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}}}}
.
This algorithm is called Weiszfeld-algorithm.
Formula (4) can be seen as the iteration formula for determining the fixed point of function
(5)
G
(
x
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
x
i
‖
x
i
−
x
‖
/
∑
i
=
1
n
m
i
‖
x
i
−
x
‖
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbf {G} (\mathbf {x} )=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {m_{i}\mathbf {x} _{i}}{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {x} \|}}{\big /}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {m_{i}}{\|\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mathbf {x} \|}}}
with fixpoint equation
x
=
G
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbf {x} =G(\mathbf {x} )}
(see fixed point)
Remark on numerical problems:
The iteration algorithm described here may have numerical problems if point
v
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{k}}
is close to one of the points
x
1
,
.
.
.
x
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1},...\mathbf {x} _{n}}
.
See also
Fermat point (case
n
=
3
,
m
1
=
m
2
=
m
3
=
1
{\displaystyle n=3,m_{1}=m_{2}=m_{3}=1}
)
Varignon's theorem
geometric median
External links
MathePrisma Uni Wuppertal: Lösung eines Standort-Problems mit GeoGebra
The Frame of Varignon: Mathematical Treatment
References
Uwe Götze: Risikomanagement, Physica-Verlag HD, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-57587-7, S. 268
Andrew Wood, Susan Roberts : Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis, 2012, ISBN 9781136899478, p. 22
H. A. Eiselt, Carl-Louis Sandblom :Operations Research, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 9783642103261, p. 239
Robert E. Kuenne: General Equilibrium Economics, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992, ISBN 9781349127528, p. 226
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Varignon frame
- Location theory
- Weber problem
- 1725 in science
- Center of mass
- Virtual work
- Graphic statics
- Torque
- Couple (mechanics)
- Statics
