• Source: Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae (lit. 'green plants') is a clade of around 450,000–500,000 species of eukaryotic organisms, most of which obtain their energy by photosynthesis. The green plants are chloroplast-bearing autotrophs that play important primary production roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They include green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged within freshwater green algae. Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group, however it is cladistically accurate to think of land plants as a special clade of green algae that evolved to thrive on dry lands. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.
Viridiplantae species all have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. Corroborating this, a basal phagotroph Archaeplastida group has been found in the Rhodelphydia. In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom, under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants as understood traditionally. The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae. Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.




Evolution






= Taxonomy

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Leliaert et al, 2012 propose the following simplified taxonomy of the Viridiplantae.

Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta
core chlorophytes
Ulvophyceae
Cladophorales
Dasycladales
Bryopsidales
Trentepohliales
Ulvales-Ulotrichales
Oltmannsiellopsidales
Chlorophyceae
Oedogoniales
Chaetophorales
Chaetopeltidales
Chlamydomonadales
Sphaeropleales
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorellales
Oocystaceae
Microthamniales
Trebouxiales
Prasiola clade
Chlorodendrophyceae
Chlorodendrales
Pedinophyceae
prasinophytes (paraphyletic)
Pyramimonadales
Mamiellophyceae
Pycnococcaceae
Nephroselmidophyceae
Prasinococcales
Palmophyllales
Streptophyta
Charophytes
Mesostigmatophyceae
Mesostigmatales
Chlorokybales
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmoplastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta (land plants)




= Phylogeny

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In 2019, a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1,153 plant species was proposed. The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced. Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as paraphyletic (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis. The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick et al. 2018, and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.

Ancestrally, the green algae were flagellates.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Tumbuhan
• Chlorophyta
• Gametofit
• Glaucophyta
• Tumbuhan tidak berpembuluh
• Alga
• Zygomycota
• Alga merah
• Ascomycota
• Hewan
• Viridiplantae
• Green algae
• Plant
• Glaucophyte
• Archaeplastida
• Non-vascular plant
• Proterozoic
• Streptophyta
• Eukaryote
• Vacuole