- Source: William Elliot Griffis
William Elliot Griffis (September 17, 1843 - February 5, 1928) was an American orientalist, Congregational minister, lecturer, and prolific author.
Early life
Griffis was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of a sea captain and later a coal trader. During the American Civil War, he served two months as a corporal in Company H of the 44th Pennsylvania Militia after Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. After the war, he attended Rutgers University at New Brunswick, New Jersey, graduating in 1869. At Rutgers, Griffis was an English and Latin language tutor for Tarō Kusakabe, a young samurai from the province of Echizen (part of modern Fukui).
After a year of travel in Europe, he studied at the seminary of the Reformed Church in America in New Brunswick (known today as the New Brunswick Theological Seminary).
William Griffis died on February 5, 1928, in Winter Park, Florida; after his death, his body was sent to Schenectady, New York, for burial. He is buried at Vale Cemetery along with his first wife, Katherine Lyra Stanton, his son John and his second wife, Sarah Francis King, after the death of Katherine in 1898 along with several other family members.
Modernizer in Japan
In September 1870 Griffis was invited to Japan by Matsudaira Shungaku, for the purpose of organizing schools along modern lines. In 1871, he was Superintendent of Education in the province of Echizen. In recompense, he was provided with a salary of $2,400, a house in Fukui and a horse.
In 1872–74, Griffis taught chemistry and physics at Kaisei Gakkō (the forerunner of Tokyo Imperial University). He prepared the New Japan Series of Reading and Spelling Books, 5 vols. (1872). He also published primers for Japanese students of the English language; and he and contributed to the Japanese press and to newspapers and magazines in the United States numerous papers of importance on Japanese affairs.
Griffis was joined by his sister, Margaret Clark Griffis, who became a teacher at the Tokyo Government Girls' School (later to become the Peeresses' School). By the time they left Japan in 1874, Griffis had befriended many of Japan's future leaders.
Griffis was a member of the Asiatic Society of Japan, the Asiatic Society of Korea, the Historical Society of the Imperial University of Tokyo, and the Meirokusha.
Education and ministry
Returning to the United States, Griffis attended Union Theological Seminary; and after finishing his studies in 1877, he was called to the ministry in a series of churches—at the First Reformed Church, Schenectady, New York (1877–1886); at the Shawmut Congregational Church, Boston, Massachusetts (1886–1893); and at the First Congregational Church, Ithaca, New York (1893–1903). Concurrently, at Union College in 1884, he earned a higher degree, Doctor of Divinity (D.D.). Rutgers awarded him an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) in 1899.
Writing and lectures
In 1903 he resigned from the active ministry to devote himself exclusively to writing and lecturing. His books on Japan and Japanese culture were complemented with extensive college and university lecture circuit itineraries. In addition to his own books and articles during this period, he also joined Inazo Nitobe in crafting what became his most well-known book, Bushido: The Soul of Japan.
In 1907, the Japanese government conferred the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, which represents the fourth highest of eight classes associated with the award.
The prolific writer was also a prolific traveller, making eleven trips to Europe—primarily to visit the Netherlands. In 1898, he was present at the enthronement of Queen Wilhelmina; and he attended the Congress of Diplomatic History. He was among the group of Bostonians who wanted to commemorate the Pilgrims' roots in Holland; and the work was rewarded with the dedication of a memorial at Delfshaven and the placement of five other bronze historical tablets in 1909. He was one of four Americans elected to the Netherlands Society of Letters in Leiden.
In 1923 Griffis published "The Story of the Walloons: At Home in Lands of Exile and in America". In this work he reveals the long history and contributions of these Belgians. The last half of the book relates the story of New Belgium (Nova Belgica) in America, the first settlers of Manhattan being a group of Protestant Walloons who petitioned the Dutch West India Company to be sent to establish a colony in the New World. These Walloons were sent to Manhattan as well as to other smaller locations on the Delaware, Hudson and Connecticut Rivers. They sailed out of Leiden, Netherlands in 1624. Griffis draws parallels to the thoughts of government and freedom of the Walloons and the US Constitution of 1787, and how their ideas made a lasting contribution to this country, though at the time (1923) the Walloons were generally unknown and overshadowed by the Dutch and later, English. This remains true to a great degree even today.
In 1926, Griffis was invited to return to Japan; and on this trip, the Japanese government conferred a second decoration. He was presented with the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, which represents the third highest of eight classes. A private rail car was provided by the Japanese government, and he visited several cities in the course of this return trip.
Griffis was a founding member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters (later to become the American Academy of Arts and Letters), the American Historical Association, and the U.S. Naval Institute. He died at his winter home in Florida in 1928.
Family
One of Griffis' two sons, Stanton Griffis, would become U.S. Ambassador to Poland, Egypt, Spain and Argentina under President Truman. Stanton Griffis was ambassador to Argentina while Juan and Eva Peron were in power and wrote of his experiences in a book titled Lying In State. The other son, John, became a composer.
= Honors
=Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, 1926.
Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, 1907.
Time-line chronology
Griffis' life and publications are here organized chronologically.
1843 - Born September 17 in Philadelphia, the fourth child of seven and second son to John Limeburner Griffis and Anna Maria (Hess) Griffis.
1850 - Observes the launching of the USS Susquehanna in Philadelphia. The Susquehanna, the largest steamship yet commissioned by the US Navy, was to be Commodore Matthew C. Perry's flagship on the 1853-1854 Naval Expedition to Japan.
1860 - Sees the Shogun's Mission, the first Japanese Embassy to the US, when it visits Philadelphia.
1863 - Serves in Pennsylvania's 44th Regiment in the Civil War.
1866 - Enters Rutgers College.
1869 - Graduates with AB (Bachelor of Arts degree) from Rutgers College. In the summer, tours Europe with his sister, Margaret Clark Griffis, and family friend, Edward Warren Clark.
1870 - Sails for Japan to organize schools in Echizen.
1871 - Named Superintendent of Education in Echizen.
1872 - Awarded AM (Master of Arts degree) from Rutgers College. Publishes, in Yokohama, The New Japan Primer and The New Japan Pictorial Primer.
1872-74 - Serves as Professor of Physics at the Imperial University, Tokyo. In 1872, Griffis's sister Margaret Clark Griffis joins him in Tokyo, and is appointed teacher, and then principal, of the first government school for girls (to become the Tokyo Female Normal School).
1873 - Publishes The Tokio Guide and The Yokohama Guide (Yokohama).
1874 - Griffis and Margaret Clark Griffis return to America.
1876 - Publishes The Mikado's Empire.
1877 - Graduates from Union Theological Seminary.
1877-86 - Serves as Pastor of the First Reformed Church, Schenectady, NY
1879 - Marries Katherine L. Stanton (1859–98)
1880 - Publishes Japanese Fairy World: Thirty-five Stories from the Wonderlore of Japan
1882 - Publishes Corea: the Hermit Nation
1883 - Lillian Eyre Griffis (daughter) born in Schenectady
1884 - Awarded DD (Doctorate of Divinity) from Union College
1885 - Publishes Corea: Without and Within
1886-93 - Serves as Pastor of the Shawmut Congregational Church in Boston, MA
1887 - Stanton Griffis (first son) born in Boston. Publishes Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer
1889 - Publishes The Lily Among Thorns: A Study of the Biblical Drama Entitled "The Song of Songs"
1890 - Publishes Honda the Samurai: A Story of Modern Japan
1891 - Publishes Sir William Johnson and the Six Nations, and an edition of The Arabian Nights
1892 - Publishes Japan: In History, Folklore and Art
1893 - John Elliot Griffis (second son) born in Boston
1893-1903 - Serves as Pastor of the First Congregational Church, Ithaca, NY
1894 - Publishes Brave Little Holland and What She Taught Us
1895 - Publishes The Religions of Japan From the Dawn of History to the Era of Meiji: Shinto, Buddhism and Confucianism, and Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan [an edition of Harris's journals]
1897 - Publishes The Romance of Discovery: A Thousand Years of Exploration and the Unveiling of Continents
1898 - Publishes Charles Carlton Coffin: War Correspondent, Traveller, Author and Statesman; The Romance of American Colonization; The Pilgrims in Their Three Homes. Katherine Stanton Griffis dies in Ithaca on December 9
1899 - Publishes America in the East: A Glance at Our History, Prospects, Problems and Duties in the Pacific Ocean; The Romance of Conquest: The Story of American Expansion Through Arms and Diplomacy
1899 - Awarded LHD by Rutgers College
1900 - Marries Sarah Frances King (1868–1959). Publishes The American in Holland: Sentimental Rambles in the Eleven Provinces of the Netherlands; The Pathfinders of the Revolution: A Story of the Great March into the Wilderness and Lake George Region of New York in 1779; and Verbeck of Japan: A Citizen of No Country.
1901 - Publishes In the Mikado's Service: A Story of Two Battle Summers in China.
1902 - Publishes A Maker of the New Orient: Samuel Robbins Brown, Pioneer Educator in China, America, and Japan, the Story of his Life and Work, and Mighty England - Our Old Home.
1903 - Resigns pastorate to write and lecture full-time. Publishes John Chambers: Servant of Christ and Master of Hearts, and his Ministry in Philadelphia; Sunny Memories of Three Pastorates; and Young People's History of Holland.
1904 - Publishes Dux Christus: An Outline Study of Japan.
1907 - Decorated with the Order of the Rising Sun, Fourth Class, by the Emperor of Japan. Publishes The Japanese Nation in Evolution: Steps in the Progress of a Great People, and Christ, the Creator of the New Japan.
1908 - Publishes The Firefly's Lovers and Other Fairy Tales of Old Japan.
1909 - Publishes The Story of New Netherland: The Dutch in America.
1911 - Publishes China's Story in Myth, Legend, Art and Annals, and The Unmannerly Tiger and Other Korean Tales.
1912 - Publishes A Modern Pioneer in Korea: The Life Story of Henry G Appenzeller; Might England: the Story of the English People; The Call of Jesus to Joy; Belgium, the Land of Art.
1913 - Publishes Hepburn of Japan and His Wife and Helpmates: A Life Story of Toil for Christ. Margaret Clark Griffis dies in Ithaca, December 15.
1914 - Publishes The House We Live In, Architect and Tenant: Talks About the Body and the Right Use of It.
1915 - Publishes Millard Fillmore: Constructive Statesman, Defender of the Constitution, President of the US; The Mikado, Institution and Person: A Study of the Internal Political Forces of Japan; The Story of Belgium.
1916 - Publishes Bonnie Scotland and What We Owe Her.
1918 - Publishes Dutch Fairy Tales.
1919 - Publishes Belgian Fairy Tales.
1920 - Publishes Swiss Fairy Tales; Young People's History of the Pilgrims.
1921 - Publishes Welsh Fairy Tales; The Dutch of the Netherlands in the Making of America.
1922 - Publishes Korean Fairy Tales; Japanese Fairy Tales.
1923 - Publishes The Story of the Walloons, at Home, in the Lands of Exile and in America.
1924 - Publishes Proverbs of Japan: A Little Picture of the Japanese Philosophy of Life as Mirrored in Their Proverbs.
1926 - Publishes The American Flag of Stripes and Stars: Mirror of the Nation's History, Symbol of Brotherhood and World Unity.
1926-27 - With Frances King Griffis, journeys to Japan for the second time, stopping in Korea and Manchuria.
1926 - Decorated with the Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class.
1928 - Dies in Winter Park, Florida, February 5.
Published works
1876 -- The Mikado's Empire
1880 -- Japanese Fairy World
1881 -- Asiatic History; China, Korea, and Japan
1882 -- Korea, the Hermit Nation
1885 -- Korea, Without and Within
1887 -- Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer
1889 -- The Lily among Thorns
1890 -- Honda the Samurai: A Story of Modern Japan.
1891 -- Sir William Johnson and the Six Nations
1892 -- Japan in History, Folk-Lore, and Art
1894 -- Brave Little Holland and What she Taught us
1895 -- The Religions of Japan
1895 -- Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan
1897 -- Romance of Discovery
1898 -- Charles Carlton Coffin: War Correspondent, Traveller, Author and Statesman
1898 -- Romance of American Colonization
1898 -- The Pilgrims in their Three Homes
1898 -- The Student's Motley
1899 -- The Romance of Conquest
1899 -- The American in Holland
1899 -- America in the East
1900 -- Verbeck of Japan
1900 -- The Pathfinders of the Revolution
1901 -- In the Mikado's Service
1902 -- A Maker of the New Orient
1903 -- Young People's History of Holland
1903 -- John Chambers
1903 -- Sunny Memories of Three Pastorates
1904 -- Dux Christus: An Outline Study of Japan
1907 -- Japanese Nation in Evolution: Steps in the Progress of a Great People
1908 -- The Fire-fly's Lovers and Other Fairy Tales of Old Japan
1909 -- The Story of New Netherland
1910 -- China's Study in Myth, Legend, Art, and Annuals
1911 -- The Unmannerly Tiger and Other Korean Tales
1912 -- A Modern Pioneer in Korea: The Life Story Of Henry G. Appenzeller
1913 -- Hepburn of Japan
1914 -- The House We Live In Architect and Tenant
1915 -- The Mikado Institution and Person
1915 -- Millard Fillmore: Constructive Statesman, Defender of the Constitution
1916 -- Bonnie Scotland and What We Owe Her
1918 -- Dutch Fairy Tales for young folks
1919 -- Belgian Fairy Tales
1920 -- Young People's History of the Pilgrims
1920 -- Swiss Fairy Tales
1921 -- Welsh Fairy Tales
1921 -- The Dutch of the Netherlands in the Making of America [reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2007. ISBN 978-0-548-61147-0 (paper)]
1922 -- Korean Fairy Tales
1922 -- Japanese Fairy Tales
1923 -- The Story of the Walloons, at Home, in the Lands of Exile and in America
1924 -- Proverbs of Japan: A Little Picture of the Japanese Philosophy of Life as Mirrored in Their Proverbs
1926 -- The American Flag of Stripes and Stars: Mirror of the Nation's History, Symbol of Brotherhood and World Unity
See also
Meiji Period
Emperor Meiji
References
= Further reading
=Griffis, William Elliot. (1898). Charles Carlton Coffin: War Correspondent, Traveller, Author and Statesman. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1915). Millard Fillmore: Constructive Statesman, Defender of the Constitution. Ithaca: Aldrus & Church. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1908). The Fire-fly's Lovers and Other Fairy Tales of Old Japan. New York: Crowell & Company. [reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2003. ISBN 1-4102-0957-1], [reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2006. ISBN 1-4286-1402-8], [reprinted by Juniper Grove, 2007. ISBN 978-1-60355-053-6 (paper)] Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1895) Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan. New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1919). "Townsend Harris, Center of Japanese Drama; Adventures of First American Envoy to Mikado's Empire Furnish the Basis of a Play by a Native Writer, and Tokio Is Applauding the Stars and Stripes," The New York Times Magazine. December 28, 1919.
__________. (1913). Hepburn of Japan and His Wife and Helpmates: A Life Story of Toil for Christ. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Publishing. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1890). Honda the Samurai: A Story of Modern Japan. Chicago: Congregational Sunday School and Publishing Society.Digitized, full text copy of this book.
__________. (1907). Japanese Nation in Evolution: Steps in the Progress of a Great People. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Company.Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
"THE ARYAN STRAIN IN THE JAPANESE; Dr. Griffis Attributes Genius of the Islanders to White Ancestry -- Difficulties of the Thesis". The New York Times. June 27, 1908. Retrieved 2008-08-09. The New York Times. June 27, 1908.
"Book reviewThe Japanese Nation in Evolution. Steps in the Progress of a Great People. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 40, No. 4, 256. 1908.
__________. (1891). Sir William Johnson and the Six Nations. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
"JOHNSTOWN'S SIR WILLIAM.; SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON AND THE SIX NATIONS. By William Elliot Griffis. (Makers of America Series.) New-York: Dodd, Mead & Co". The New York Times. November 15, 1891. Retrieved 2008-08-09. The New York Times. November 15, 1891.
__________. (1876). The Mikado's Empire. Philadelphia: Harper & Brothers. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1915). The Mikado Institution and Person. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation, New York, 2000. ISBN 978-1-4021-0824-2 (cloth) -- ISBN 978-1-4021-8652-3 (paper). Digitized, limited preview copy of this book
_________. (1887). Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer. Boston: Cupples & Hurd. [reprinted by Reprint Services Corp., London, 1992. ISBN 978-0-7812-2960-9 (cloth)] [reprinted by Kessinger Books, Whitefish, Montana, 2007. ISBN 978-0-548-30525-6 (paper)] Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
__________. (1900). Verbeck of Japan: A Citizen of No Country; a Life Story of Foundation Work Inaugurated by Guido Fridolin Verbeck. Chicago, Fleming H. Revell Co. [reprinted by Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, London, 1901. Digitized, full-text copy of this book.
Rosenstone, R. (1988). Mirror in the Shrine: American encounters with Meiji Japan. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57641-1.
Baarssen, G.H. Joost. (2014). America's True Mother Country? Images of the Dutch in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century. Münster, Berlin, Vienna, Zürich, London, LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-643-90492-4
External links
Works by William Elliot Griffis at Project Gutenberg
Works by William Elliot Griffis at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about William Elliot Griffis at the Internet Archive
Works by William Elliot Griffis at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
William Elliot Griffis - Entry from the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
William Elliot Griffis Collection - Collection of print, manuscript, photographic and ephemeral materials relating to early Japan-U.S. relations
Putting Rutgers’ Name in Print - Article on America's oldest student newspaper founded by W. E. Griffis at Rutgers University
Making of America - Collection of articles written by William Elliot Griffis located at Cornell University Library