- Source: William Ryan (psychologist)
William J. Ryan, Jr. (September 20, 1923 – June 7, 2002) was a psychologist, civil rights activist and author. He is best known for his exposure of the sociological phenomenon of "blaming the victim", which was first published in his 1971 book of the same name. Ryan's work is considered a major structuralist rebuttal to the Moynihan Report. Moynihan's report placed most of the blame for African-American poverty rates on the rise of single-parent households, which Ryan rejected as an example of blaming the victim.
Early life
Ryan was born in Everett, Massachusetts on September 20 1923, the son of William J. Ryan and Marion C. Ryan (Evans), and was subsequently raised in Everett. He joined the United States Army Air Corps during World War II, in which he served as a non-combatant, in the role of a cryptographer in the Caribbean, ‘doing coding and decoding’. On leaving the army, around the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was able to enter college because of the 1944 GI Bill of Rights, which paid full tuition for veterans in the educational institutions of their choice. In 1951 Ryan married Phyllis Milgroom (Phyllis M. Ryan), a graduate of Northeastern University, a psychiatric social worker in the local state mental health system and, like him, a civil rights activist. In 1958, he obtained a PhD from Boston University in clinical psychology.
Career
Despite having obtained a PhD in clinical psychology, Ryan lost interest in the subject. Subsequently he became interested in social psychology and community psychology. He then became interested in sociological phenomena such as social issues, social problems and equality.
By 1965, Ryan had become an academic in the faculty of Harvard Medical School Laboratory of Community Psychiatry. In 1969, he became an academic in Boston College, in which he became Professor of Psychology. In 1993 he received an award for his distinguished contribution to theory & research in community psychology from the Society for Community Research and Action: Division 27 of the American Psychological Association.
He died in a Boston hospital on June 7, 2002.
Publications
= Selected articles
=Ryan, William (1965). "Savage discovery: The Moynihan Report". The Nation. 201 (22 November): 380-384.Reprinted in Rainwater and Yancey (1967: 457-466), see below under 'Further reading'.
—— (1965). "The new genteel racism". The Crisis. 72 (10): 623-631, 644.
—— (1966). "Citizens in mental health--what are they for?". Mental Hygiene. 50 (4): 597-600. An extract entitled "Citizen" and Mental Health' is available at Rehabilitation Record. 1967. 8 (March-April): 6. Accessed 8 December 2024.
Ryan, William; et al. (1967). "Feedback from our readers". Trans-action. 4 (3): 62-64. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
Ryan, William (1969). "Community care in historical perspective: Implications for mental health services and professionals". Canada's Mental Health. Supplement (60): March-April.
—— (1971). "Blaming the victim: The folklore of cultural deprivation". This Magazine is About Schools. 5 (Spring) (2): 97-117. (See Connexions. Accessed 8 December 2024.)
—— (1971). "Emotional disorder as a social problem: Implications for mental health programs". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 41 (4): 638–645. PMID 5558616.Reprinted in Denner, Bruce; Price, Richard H., eds. (1973). Community Mental Health Social Action and Inaction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Windton. p. 22-30. ISBN 0-03-085651-5. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
—— (1994). "Many cooks, brave men, apples, and oranges: How people think about equality". American Journal of Community Psychology. 22 (1): 25-35.
= Chapters
=Ryan, William (1967). "Preventive Services in Mental Health Programs". In Bloom, Bernard L.; Buck, Dorothy P. (eds.). Preventive services in Mental Health Programs: Proceedings of the Mental Health Institute at Salt Lake City, Utah, May 31- June 2, 1967. Boulder, Colorado: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education.
—— (1969). "A new mental health agenda". In Ryan, William (ed.). Distress in the city; essays on the design and administration of urban mental health services. Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
—— (1969). "Distress in the city: A summary report of the Boston Mental Health Survey". In Ryan, William (ed.). Distress in the city; essays on the design and administration of urban mental health services. Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
—— (1971). "The social welfare client: Blaming the victim". In Kalz, A.J. (ed.). The Social Welfare Forum 1971 Official Proceedings, 98th Annual Forum, National Conference on Social Welfare, Dallas, Texas, May 16-May 21, 1971. New York: Columbia University Press.
= Books
=Ryan, William; Morris, Laura B. (1967). Child welfare problems and potentials: A study of intake of child welfare agencies in metropolitan Boston. Monograph III. Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Committee on Children and Youth.
Ryan, William (1971). Blaming the Victim. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-85514-010-6.
—— (1976). Blaming the victim (Revised, updated ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-72226-9.
—— (1982). Equality. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-71185-0.
References
Further reading
Albee, George W. (1994). "The 1993 Society for Community Research and Action Award for Distinguished Contributions to Theory and Research: William Ryan". American Journal of Community Psychology. 22 (1): 21-23. doi:10.1007/BF02506814.
Lykes, M. Brinton; Banuazizi, Ali; Liem, Ramsay; Morris, Michael, eds. (1996). Myths about The Powerless: Contesting Social Inequalities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-422-2. A volume dedicated to Ryan by his colleagues.
Rainwater, Lee; Vancey, William L. (1967). "Intellectual Commentary on the Report". The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 220-232. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
Salas, Federico (2018). "Blaming the victim no more". The Toro Historical Review. 4 (1).
External links
Media related to William Ryan (psychologist) at Wikimedia Commons