• Source: Wiru language

Wiru or Witu is the language spoken by the Wiru people of Ialibu-Pangia District of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. The language has been described by Harland Kerr, a missionary who lived in the Wiru community for many years. Kerr's work with the community produced a Wiru Bible translation and several unpublished dictionary manuscripts, as well as Kerr's Master's thesis on the structure of Wiru verbs.
There are a considerable number of resemblances with the Engan languages, suggesting Wiru might be a member of that family, but language contact has not been ruled out as the reason. Usher classifies it with the Teberan languages.




Phonology






= Consonants

=

/p, t, k/ can be heard as aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial position and can also be heard with slight friction and voicing, in word-medial positions.
/t/ can be heard as [d] when preceded by /i/ and followed by /a/ or /o/. It is heard as [ɾ] in all other intervocalic environments.




= Vowels

=




Pronouns


Trans–New Guinea–like pronouns are no 1sg (< *na) and ki-wi 2pl, ki-ta 2du (< *ki).




Vocabulary


The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1973, 1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:




Syntax


Wiru has a general noun-modifying clause construction. In this construction, a noun can be modified by a clause that immediately precedes it. The noun may, but need not, correspond to an argument of the modifying clause. Such constructions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relationships between clause and noun. The follow examples all use the same noun-modifying clause construction:

The noun-modifying clause construction imposes a falling tone on the head noun. That is, no matter what the lexical tone of the noun that is being modified is, it takes on a high-low tone pattern when it is modified in a noun-modifying clause construction.




Evolution


Wiru reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:

ibi(ni) ‘name’ < *imbi
nomo ‘louse’ < *niman
laga ‘ashes’ < *la(ŋg,k)a
tokene ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
mane ‘instructions, incantations’ < *mana
keda ‘heavy’ < *ke(nd,n)a
mo- ‘negative prefix’ < *ma-




References






Further reading


"Outside and Inside Meanings: Non-Verbal and Verbal Modalities of Agonistic Communication the Wiru of Papua New Guinea" in Man and Culture in Oceania, Vol. 15




External links


Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Witu
Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Recordings - Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Recordings From the Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Photographs and Audiorecordings. MSS 477. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Rumpun bahasa Trans-Nugini
• Bahasa Widal
• Sungai Sepik
• Wiru language
• Wiru
• Wiru people
• Languages of Papua New Guinea
• Witu language
• Karuka
• Proto-Trans–New Guinea language
• WIU (disambiguation)
• LPU Wirus 4
• List of language families