- Source: Woodin cardinal
In set theory, a Woodin cardinal (named for W. Hugh Woodin) is a cardinal number
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
such that for all functions
f
:
λ
→
λ
{\displaystyle f:\lambda \to \lambda }
, there exists a cardinal
κ
<
λ
{\displaystyle \kappa <\lambda }
with
{
f
(
β
)
∣
β
<
κ
}
⊆
κ
{\displaystyle \{f(\beta )\mid \beta <\kappa \}\subseteq \kappa }
and an elementary embedding
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
from the Von Neumann universe
V
{\displaystyle V}
into a transitive inner model
M
{\displaystyle M}
with critical point
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
and
V
j
(
f
)
(
κ
)
⊆
M
{\displaystyle V_{j(f)(\kappa )}\subseteq M}
.
An equivalent definition is this:
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is Woodin if and only if
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is strongly inaccessible and for all
A
⊆
V
λ
{\displaystyle A\subseteq V_{\lambda }}
there exists a
λ
A
<
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}<\lambda }
which is
<
λ
{\displaystyle <\lambda }
-
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strong.
λ
A
{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}
being
<
λ
{\displaystyle <\lambda }
-
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strong means that for all ordinals
α
<
λ
{\displaystyle \alpha <\lambda }
, there exist a
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
which is an elementary embedding with critical point
λ
A
{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}
,
j
(
λ
A
)
>
α
{\displaystyle j(\lambda _{A})>\alpha }
,
V
α
⊆
M
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }\subseteq M}
and
j
(
A
)
∩
V
α
=
A
∩
V
α
{\displaystyle j(A)\cap V_{\alpha }=A\cap V_{\alpha }}
. (See also strong cardinal.)
A Woodin cardinal is preceded by a stationary set of measurable cardinals, and thus it is a Mahlo cardinal. However, the first Woodin cardinal is not even weakly compact.
Explanation
The hierarchy
V
α
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }}
(known as the von Neumann hierarchy) is defined by transfinite recursion on
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
:
V
0
=
∅
{\displaystyle V_{0}=\varnothing }
,
V
α
+
1
=
P
(
V
α
)
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha +1}={\mathcal {P}}(V_{\alpha })}
,
V
α
=
⋃
β
<
α
V
β
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }=\bigcup _{\beta <\alpha }V_{\beta }}
, when
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
is a limit ordinal.
For any ordinal
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
,
V
α
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }}
is a set. The union of the sets
V
α
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }}
for all ordinals
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
is no longer a set, but a proper class. Some of the sets
V
α
{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }}
have set-theoretic properties, for example when
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is an inaccessible cardinal,
V
κ
{\displaystyle V_{\kappa }}
satisfies second-order ZFC ("satisfies" here means the notion of satisfaction from first-order logic).
For a transitive class
M
{\displaystyle M}
, a function
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
is said to be an elementary embedding if for any formula
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
with free variables
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}}
in the language of set theory, it is the case that
V
⊨
ϕ
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
{\displaystyle V\vDash \phi (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})}
iff
M
⊨
ϕ
(
j
(
x
1
)
,
…
,
j
(
x
n
)
)
{\displaystyle M\vDash \phi (j(x_{1}),\ldots ,j(x_{n}))}
, where
⊨
{\displaystyle \vDash }
is first-order logic's notion of satisfaction as before. An elementary embedding
j
{\displaystyle j}
is called nontrivial if it is not the identity. If
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
is a nontrivial elementary embedding, there exists an ordinal
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
such that
j
(
κ
)
≠
κ
{\displaystyle j(\kappa )\neq \kappa }
, and the least such
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is called the critical point of
j
{\displaystyle j}
.
Many large cardinal properties can be phrased in terms of elementary embeddings. For an ordinal
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
, a cardinal
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is said to be
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
-strong if a transitive class
M
{\displaystyle M}
can be found such that there is a nontrivial elementary embedding
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
whose critical point is
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
, and in addition
V
β
⊆
M
{\displaystyle V_{\beta }\subseteq M}
.
A strengthening of the notion of
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
-strong cardinal is the notion of
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strongness of a cardinal
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
in a greater cardinal
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
: if
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
and
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
are cardinals with
κ
<
δ
{\displaystyle \kappa <\delta }
, and
A
{\displaystyle A}
is a subset of
V
δ
{\displaystyle V_{\delta }}
, then
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is said to be
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strong in
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
if for all
β
<
δ
{\displaystyle \beta <\delta }
, there is a nontrivial elementary embedding
j
:
V
→
M
{\displaystyle j:V\to M}
witnessing that
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
-strong, and in addition
j
(
A
)
∩
V
β
=
A
∩
V
β
{\displaystyle j(A)\cap V_{\beta }=A\cap V_{\beta }}
. (This is a strengthening, as when letting
A
=
V
δ
{\displaystyle A=V_{\delta }}
,
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
being
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strong in
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
implies that
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
-strong for all
β
<
δ
{\displaystyle \beta <\delta }
, as given any
β
<
δ
{\displaystyle \beta <\delta }
,
V
δ
∩
V
β
=
V
β
{\displaystyle V_{\delta }\cap V_{\beta }=V_{\beta }}
must be equal to
j
(
A
)
∩
V
β
{\displaystyle j(A)\cap V_{\beta }}
,
V
δ
{\displaystyle V_{\delta }}
must be a subset of
j
(
A
)
{\displaystyle j(A)}
and therefore a subset of the range of
j
{\displaystyle j}
.) Finally, a cardinal
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
is Woodin if for any choice of
A
⊆
V
δ
{\displaystyle A\subseteq V_{\delta }}
, there exists a
κ
<
δ
{\displaystyle \kappa <\delta }
such that
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is
A
{\displaystyle A}
-strong in
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
.
Consequences
Woodin cardinals are important in descriptive set theory. By a result of Martin and Steel, existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals implies projective determinacy, which in turn implies that every projective set is Lebesgue measurable, has the Baire property (differs from an open set by a meager set, that is, a set which is a countable union of nowhere dense sets), and the perfect set property (is either countable or contains a perfect subset).
The consistency of the existence of Woodin cardinals can be proved using determinacy hypotheses. Working in ZF+AD+DC one can prove that
Θ
0
{\displaystyle \Theta _{0}}
is Woodin in the class of hereditarily ordinal-definable sets.
Θ
0
{\displaystyle \Theta _{0}}
is the first ordinal onto which the continuum cannot be mapped by an ordinal-definable surjection (see Θ (set theory)).
Mitchell and Steel showed that assuming a Woodin cardinal exists, there is an inner model containing a Woodin cardinal in which there is a
Δ
4
1
{\displaystyle \Delta _{4}^{1}}
-well-ordering of the reals, ◊ holds, and the generalized continuum hypothesis holds.
Shelah proved that if the existence of a Woodin cardinal is consistent then it is consistent that the nonstationary ideal on
ω
1
{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
is
ℵ
2
{\displaystyle \aleph _{2}}
-saturated.
Woodin also proved the equiconsistency of the existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals and the existence of an
ℵ
1
{\displaystyle \aleph _{1}}
-dense ideal over
ℵ
1
{\displaystyle \aleph _{1}}
.
Hyper-Woodin cardinals
A cardinal
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is called hyper-Woodin if there exists a normal measure
U
{\displaystyle U}
on
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
such that for every set
S
{\displaystyle S}
, the set
{
λ
<
κ
∣
λ
{\displaystyle \{\lambda <\kappa \mid \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong
}
{\displaystyle \}}
is in
U
{\displaystyle U}
.
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong if and only if for each
δ
<
κ
{\displaystyle \delta <\kappa }
there is a transitive class
N
{\displaystyle N}
and an elementary embedding
j
:
V
→
N
{\displaystyle j:V\to N}
with
λ
=
crit
(
j
)
,
{\displaystyle \lambda ={\text{crit}}(j),}
j
(
λ
)
≥
δ
{\displaystyle j(\lambda )\geq \delta }
, and
j
(
S
)
∩
H
δ
=
S
∩
H
δ
{\displaystyle j(S)\cap H_{\delta }=S\cap H_{\delta }}
.
The name alludes to the classical result that a cardinal is Woodin if and only if for every set
S
{\displaystyle S}
, the set
{
λ
<
κ
∣
λ
{\displaystyle \{\lambda <\kappa \mid \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong
}
{\displaystyle \}}
is a stationary set.
The measure
U
{\displaystyle U}
will contain the set of all Shelah cardinals below
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
.
Weakly hyper-Woodin cardinals
A cardinal
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is called weakly hyper-Woodin if for every set
S
{\displaystyle S}
there exists a normal measure
U
{\displaystyle U}
on
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
such that the set
{
λ
<
κ
∣
λ
{\displaystyle \{\lambda <\kappa \mid \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong
}
{\displaystyle \}}
is in
U
{\displaystyle U}
.
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong if and only if for each
δ
<
κ
{\displaystyle \delta <\kappa }
there is a transitive class
N
{\displaystyle N}
and an elementary
embedding
j
:
V
→
N
{\displaystyle j:V\to N}
with
λ
=
crit
(
j
)
{\displaystyle \lambda ={\text{crit}}(j)}
,
j
(
λ
)
≥
δ
{\displaystyle j(\lambda )\geq \delta }
, and
j
(
S
)
∩
H
δ
=
S
∩
H
δ
.
{\displaystyle j(S)\cap H_{\delta }=S\cap H_{\delta }.}
The name alludes to the classic result that a cardinal is Woodin if for every set
S
{\displaystyle S}
, the set
{
λ
<
κ
∣
λ
{\displaystyle \{\lambda <\kappa \mid \lambda }
is
<
κ
{\displaystyle <\kappa }
-
S
{\displaystyle S}
-strong
}
{\displaystyle \}}
is stationary.
The difference between hyper-Woodin cardinals and weakly hyper-Woodin cardinals is that the choice of
U
{\displaystyle U}
does not depend on the choice of the set
S
{\displaystyle S}
for hyper-Woodin cardinals.
Woodin-in-the-next-admissible cardinals
Let
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
be a cardinal and let
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
be the least admissible ordinal greater than
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
. The cardinal
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
is said to be Woodin-in-the-next-admissible if for any function
f
:
δ
→
δ
{\displaystyle f:\delta \to \delta }
such that
f
∈
L
α
(
V
δ
)
{\displaystyle f\in L_{\alpha }(V_{\delta })}
, there exists
κ
<
δ
{\displaystyle \kappa <\delta }
such that
f
[
κ
]
⊆
κ
{\displaystyle f[\kappa ]\subseteq \kappa }
, and there is an extender
E
∈
V
δ
{\displaystyle E\in V_{\delta }}
such that
c
r
i
t
(
E
)
=
κ
{\displaystyle \mathrm {crit} (E)=\kappa }
and
V
i
E
(
f
)
(
κ
)
⊂
U
l
t
(
V
,
E
)
{\displaystyle V_{i_{E}(f)(\kappa )}\subset \mathrm {Ult} (V,E)}
. These cardinals appear when building models from iteration trees.p.4
Notes and references
Further reading
Kanamori, Akihiro (2003). The Higher Infinite: Large Cardinals in Set Theory from Their Beginnings (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-00384-3.
For proofs of the two results listed in consequences see Handbook of Set Theory (Eds. Foreman, Kanamori, Magidor) (to appear). Drafts of some chapters are available.
Ernest Schimmerling, Woodin cardinals, Shelah cardinals and the Mitchell-Steel core model, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 130/11, pp. 3385–3391, 2002, online
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Reinhardt cardinal
- Woodin cardinal
- Shelah cardinal
- Determinacy
- List of large cardinal properties
- Strongly compact cardinal
- W. Hugh Woodin
- Strong cardinal
- Proper forcing axiom
- Large cardinal
- Woodin
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