- Source: Xylitol pentanitrate
Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a nitrated ester primary explosive first synthesized in 1891 by Gabriel Bertrand. Law enforcement has taken an interest in XPN along with erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) due to their ease of synthesis, which makes them accessible to amateur chemists and terrorists.
Properties
At room temperature XPN exists as a white crystalline solid. When heated to 163 °C, liquid xylitol pentanitrate begins to crackle and produce a dark vapour. When decomposed, a gram of XPN produces 200 mL of gas, which makes it a high performance explosive.
Rotter impact analysis of XPN found a figure of insensitiveness of 25 (RDX = 80). XPN displayed a similar sensitivity to static discharge to ETN and PETN.
Synthesis
Xylitol pentanitrate is formed by nitration of xylitol pentaacetate. Nowadays, fuming nitric acid and glacial acetic acid is often used, but Bertrand originally employed a cheaper nitrating agent, the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids (he called it mélange nitrosulfurique, the common English name is "mixed acid").
Complete oxidation
Much like ETN, XPN has a positive oxygen balance, which means the carbon and hydrogen in the molecule can be fully oxidized without another oxidizing agent being added.
4
C
5
H
7
N
5
O
15
→
Δ
20
CO
2
+
14
H
2
O
+
10
N
2
+
3
O
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {4C5H7N5O15 ->[\Delta] 20CO2 + 14H2O + 10N2 + 3O2}}}
The decomposition of four molecules of XPN releases three O2. The free oxygen molecules can be used to oxidize an added metal dust or negative oxygen balanced explosive like TNT.
See also
Nitroglycerine
Xylitan trinitrate – used as plasticizer in propellants similarly to nitroglycerine
Mannitol hexanitrate
References
External links
Media related to Xylitol pentanitrate at Wikimedia Commons
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Silitol pentanitrat
- Tabel kecepatan ledakan bahan peledak
- Xylitol pentanitrate
- Table of explosive detonation velocities
- Xylitol pentacetate
- Mannitol hexanitrate
- Erythritol tetranitrate
- Nitroglycerin
- Explosive
- Ethylene glycol dinitrate
