- Source: Zakaria Tamer
Zakaria Tamer (Arabic: زكريا تامر, romanized: Zakariyyā Tāmir; born January 2, 1931), also spelled Zakariya Tamir, is a Syrian short story writer. He is one of the most widely read and translated short story writers of modern Syrian literature, as well as one of the foremost authors of children’s stories in Arabic. He also worked as a freelance journalist, writing satirical columns in Arabic newspapers.
His volumes of short stories are often reminiscent of folktales and renowned for their relative simplicity on the one hand and the complexity of their many potential references on the other. They may have a sharp edge and are often a surrealistic protest against political or social oppression and exploitation. Most of Zakaria Tamer’s stories deal with people’s inhumanity towards each other, the oppression of the poor by the rich and of the weak by the strong. The political and social problems of his own country, Syria, and of the Arab world, are reflected in the satirical style typical of his writing.
His first stories were published in 1957. Since then he has published eleven collections of short stories, two collections of satirical articles and numerous children’s books. His works have been translated into several languages, with three collections in English, Tigers on the Tenth Day, Breaking Knees and Sour Grapes.
For his works, Tamer was awarded several Arab and international literary prizes.
Biography
= Early life
=Zakaria Tamer was born in 1931 in the Al-Basha district of Damascus. He was forced to leave school in 1944, at the age of thirteen in order to help provide for his family. He was apprenticed to a blacksmith as a locksmith in a factory in the Al-Basha district of Damascus. At the same time, as an autodidact, he spent many hours reading various books, he became interested in politics and was encouraged by contact with intellectuals to continue his education at night school. He read voraciously and was provoked by his reading, as he later said in an interview, "to create a voice which [he] hadn't been able to find [there]". His intention was to represent in his writing the very poor majority of men and women in Syria, with their joyless and restricted existence.
He began his literary career in 1957, when he published some stories in Syrian journals. His first manuscript was noticed by Yusuf al-Khal, the poet, critic and editor of the magazine Shi'r ("Poetry") which at the time was acting as midwife to the birth of modern Arabic poetry. The talent that lay behind the poetical prose of these stories, was so unlike anything being written in Arabic at the time, that Al-Khal decided to publish it, this became his first collection of short stories, which was entitled The Neighing of the White Steed.
The collection brought him considerable attention and repute amount readers and critics.
= 1960–1981
=Following his literary success, which was reflected in the good reception of his first collection, he left his job as a blacksmith and embarked on a new career, as government official, as well as editor of several journals, including the cultural periodicals Al Mawqif al-Adabi, and Al Marifah, and the children’s magazine Usamah.
He was instrumental in the establishment of the Syrian Writers Union in Syria 1968. He was elected member of the executive bureau responsible for the publishing and print, and was vice-president of the Union for four years.
In 1980 he was dismissed from editing the periodical al-Marifah, published by the Syrian Ministry of Culture, as a result of the publication of extracts from Abd al-Rahman al-kawakibi’s (1849–1902) book, Tabai al istibadad (“The Characteristics of Despotism, 1900), in which the author denounced tyranny and called for freedom. As a result of his dismissal, Tamer decided to travel to London, leaving his home country of Syria.
= 1980s onwards
=From 1981-1982 he took charge of Al Dustoor magazine as managing editor, he went on to be culture editor of Al Tadhamon magazine (1983–1988) and then became managing editor of Al Naqid magazine (1988–1993), and culture editor at Riyadh Al Rayes Publishing House. He also wrote for various newspapers and periodicals published in London, including Al-Quds Al-Arabi.
In January 2012, Zakaria Tamer decided to venture into Facebook, creating a page titled المهماز (Al-Mihmaz) “The Spur”. The page contains daily articles detailing his continuing literary journey with its political and cultural dimensions. Most recently the focus has been on the Syrian uprising.
In 2023, his collection of stories Sour Grapes was published in English - twenty years after the original Arabic publication.
Quotes
We are deceiving ourselves if we believe that a literary work written and published in a country where 70 per cent of the population is illiterate, can change the political and social life of the country..it is up to political organization..and not to romantic literature.. to change the present situation.
Awards
2001: Sultan Bin Ali Al Owais Cultural Foundation: Prize of Stories Novels & Drama
2002: Honoured and invested with the Syrian Order of Merit
2009: Awarded the Blue Metropolis Montreal International Literary prize
2015: Mahmoud Darwish Award for Freedom and Creativity
Themes in writing
A common theme in his writing has been that the strongest of us can gradually be broken and tamed by those who wield the whip of power. Those who rule, Zakaria Tamer tells us in many a story, while devoid of all the noble qualities that should be theirs, possess the intuitive awareness of how to use the carrot and the stick. Muhammad al-Maghut, a well known Arab critic, once contrasted him with Charles Darwin: one showing how humans developed from monkeys, the other showing how humans could be manipulated into becoming monkeys.
Another favorite theme, as seen in such stories as "The Stale Loaf" and the "Room with Two Beds", is the sexual frustration of the young in the Arab world and the toll that is exacted - particularly from the women - when sexual taboos are breached, or are thought to have been breached.
Though humor is not one of the ingredients of these stories, the writer does allow himself an occasional sardonic grin at the forms of injustice to which man is subjected by his rulers, his fellow men and the circumstances of lives enclosed in routine of ill-rewarded work and unfulfillment. Zakaria Tamer's world is Orwellian though unmistakably Arab. The secret police, with their physical brutalities, feature in many of the stories, as for instance in the dark-humored "A summary of What Happened to Mohammed al-Mahmoudi", where a harmless old man finds that even in death he is not immune from their attention.
The directness and absence of embroidery with which Zakaria Tamer writes is a powerful weapon in giving distinctive form to the basic themes to which he returns again and again.
Works
Until 2005, Tamer has published eleven collections of stories, two collections of satirical articles and dozens of children's books.
= Short story collections
=The Neighing of the White Steed(1960) صهيل الجواد الابيض Ṣahīl al-Jawād al-Abyaḍ
Spring In The Ashes, (1963) ربيع في الرماد Rabīʿ fī l-Ramād
The Thunder, (1970) الرعد Ar-Raʿd
Damascus Fire, (1973) دمشق الحرائق Dimashq al-Ḥarāʼiq
Tigers on the Tenth Day, (1978) النمور في اليوم العاشر al-Numūr fī l-Yawm al-ʿĀshir
Noah's Summons, (1994),نداء نوح Nidāʼ Nūḥ
We Shall Laugh, (1998) سنضحك Sanaḍḥak
IF!, (1998) أف!
Sour Grapes, (2000) الحصرم Al-Ḥiṣrim
Breaking Knees, (2002) تكسير ركب Taksīr Rukab
The Hedgehog, (2005) القنفذ Al-Qunfuḏ
The Regret of Horse, (2018)ندم الحصان Nadamul Hisan
= Collections of satirical articles
=Glories, Arabs, Glories, (1986) Amjad Ya Arab amjad
The Victim's Satire Of His Killer, (2003)
= Other collections
=Why the River Fell Silent, (1973) لماذا سكت النهر Limāḏā Sakata al-Nahr
The Flower Spoke to the Bird, (1978) قالت الوردة للسنونو Qālit al-Warda Lilsununu
= In translation
=Tigers On The Tenth Day and Other Stories, (1985) translated by Denys Johnson-Davies, Quartet Books
Breaking Knees, (2008), translated by Ibrahim Muhawi (Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing)
The Hedgehog: A Modern Arabic Novella, (2009) translated by Brian O'Rourke, Denys Johnson-Davies, American University Cairo Press, ISBN 9789774162558
The Children Laugh, (2017), translated to Hebrew by Alon Fragman, published by Maktoob Series.
Sour Grapes, (2023) translated by Alessandro Columbu and Mireia Costa Capallera, Syracuse University Press
= Editorial work
=1960-1963, Writers and Publishing Dept. at Syria Ministry of Culture
1963-1965, editor of weekly Al Mawqef Al Arabi, Syria
1965-1966, Screenwriter for Jeddah TV, KSA
1967, started his work at Syria Ministry of Information
1967-1970, Head of Drama Department at Syrian TV
1970-1971, Editor-in-Chief of kids Rafi magazine, Syria
1972-1975, Editor-in-Chief of Al Mawqef Al Adabi magazine, Syria
1975-1977, Editor-in-Chief of kids Osama magazine, Syria
1978-1980, Editor-in-Chief of Al Ma’arifa magazine, Syria
1980-1981, Syria Ministry of Culture
1981-1982, Managing editor of Al Dustoor magazine, London
1983-1988, Culture editor of Al Tadhamon magazine, London
1988-1993, Managing editor of Al Naqid magazine and culture editor at Riyadh Al Rayes Publishing House, London
= Other activities
=Co-founded Arab Writers Union in Syria 1969, member of its Executive Bureau, and Deputy Chairman for four years
Jury member of Arab and international literary competitions
= Newspaper columns
=1989-1994, daily articles for Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper, London
2002, Azzaman Newspaper
2006, Al Thawra Newspaper (Revolution), Syria
See also
Arabic Literature
Syrian literature - Modern prose writing
List of short story authors
Notes
References
Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century Vol. V (Supplement), New York: Ungar,1993.
Arab Culture 1977: Religious Identity and Radical Perspectives By University E Saint-Joseph, Published 1980, Dar El-Mashreq, ISBN 2-7214-5803-5
Arabic Short Stories By Denys Johnson-Davies, 1983, Quartet Books Literature, ISBN 0-7043-2367-2
Syria: Society, Culture, and Polity By Richard T. Antoun, ISBN 0-7914-0713-6
Tigers on the Tenth Day and Other Stories By Denys Johnson-Davies(TRN), Zakarīyā Tāmir, Zakaria Tamer, 1985, ISBN 0-7043-2465-2
Islam: Islam, state and politics By Bryan Stanley Turner, Published 2003 Routledge (UK), ISBN 0-415-12347-X
Dislocating Masculinity: comparative ethnographies By Andrea Cornwall, Nancy Lindisfarne, ISBN 0-415-07941-1
Salma Khadra Jayyusi, ed., Modern Arabic Fiction: An Anthology, New York: Columbia University Press (2005)
Further reading
= Selected studies
=Damascene Shahrazad: The Images of Women in Zakariyya Tamir’s Short Stories Source: Hawwa 4, no. 1 (2006)
Bayan Rayhanova. Mythological and Folkloric Motifs in Syrian Prose: The Short Stories of Zakariyya Tamir
Bulletin of the Israeli Oriental society - التربيه والترويض وما بينهما كما ينعكس الامر في القصص القصيرة للكاتب السوري زكريا تامر .
Bulletin of the Israeli Oriental society -الحق للحرية كما يتمثل في أدب الأطفال عند زكريا تامر
Tishreen University Journal for Studies and Scientific Research- Arts and Humanities Science Series Vol (26) No (1) 2004 - الرؤية السردية في قصص زكريا تامر
Individuation and Literature: Zakariyya. Tamir and his Café Man’ (Emma Westney), Oxford University (1996)
Alon Fragman, Ben Gurion University: “When the Birds Leave Their Cage: Zakariyya Tamir’s Writing in Exile”
Peter Dové: Historische und literarische Figuren im Werk Zakariyyā Tāmirs, [Historical and literary figures in the works of Zakariyyā Tāmir,] Berne University (2003)
External links
Journal of Arabic Literature, Volume 16, Number 1, 1985 , pp. 105-108(4),'The Moon Unmasked' By Zakaria Tamer translated by Hugh Pope
Short story He doesn't know on Banipal
Short Story "The Sleeping Woman"
Profile from Owais Cultural Foundation
Encarta Article On contribution to Arabic Literature and the Short Story Genre
Short Story "Sprouts", Translation from the Arabic by William Hutchins
Finding the Music and Rhythm of Zakaria Tamer in English, Interview with translator Alessandro Columbu on ArabLit magazine
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Zakharia
- Sastra Arab
- Jamil bin Ma'mar Al-'Udzrīy
- Adi bin Zaid
- Abu Madyan
- Qutrub (ahli bahasa)
- Ibnu Batutah
- Zufar bin al-Harits al-Kilabi
- Liga Profesional Saudi 2018–2019
- Zakaria Tamer
- Tamer
- Denys Johnson-Davies
- Zakariya (name)
- List of people from Damascus
- List of short-story authors
- Abu al-Atahiya
- Flash fiction
- Abu Tammam
- Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
