1894 united states house of representatives elections

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      The 1894 United States House of Representatives elections were held from June 4, 1894, to November 6, 1894, with special elections throughout the year. Elections were held to elect representatives from all 356 congressional districts across each of the 44 U.S. states at the time, as well as non-voting delegates from the inhabited U.S. territories. The winners of this election served in the 54th Congress, with seats apportioned among the states based on the 1890 United States census.
      The elections comprised a significant political realignment, with a major Republican landslide that set the stage for the decisive election of 1896. The 1894 elections came in the middle of Democratic President Grover Cleveland's second term. The nation was in its deepest economic depression yet following the Panic of 1893, which pushed economic issues to the forefront. In the spring, a major coal strike damaged the economy of the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. It was accompanied by violence; the miners lost and many joined the Populist Party. Immediately after the coal strike concluded, Eugene V. Debs led a nationwide railroad strike. It shut down the nation's transportation system west of Detroit for weeks, until President Cleveland's use of federal troops ended the strike. Debs went to prison for disobeying a court order. Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld, a Democrat, broke bitterly with Cleveland.
      The fragmented and disoriented Democratic Party was crushed everywhere outside of the South, losing more than 55% of its seats to the Republican Party. The Democrats did so poorly that even in the South, they lost seats to the Republican-Populist electoral fusion in Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Texas. The Democrats ultimately lost 127 seats in this election, with the Republicans gaining 130 seats after the resolution of several contested elections.
      The Democratic Party failed to win one seat in twenty-four states and only won one seat in six states. Prominent Democrats in the house including Richard P. Bland, William S. Holman, William M. Springer, and William L. Wilson were defeated in the election. To date, the 1894 election represents the largest seat swing in a single election in the history of the House of Representatives; the only other occasion where a political party has suffered triple-digit losses was in 1932.
      The main issues revolved around the severe economic depression, which the Republicans blamed on the conservative Bourbon Democrats led by Cleveland. Cleveland supporters lost heavily, weakening their hold on the party and setting the stage for an 1896 takeover by the free silver wing of the party. The Populist Party ran candidates in the South and Midwest, but generally lost ground outside of the South. The Democrats tried to raise a religious issue, claiming the GOP was in cahoots with the anti-Catholic American Protective Association; the allegations seem to have fallen flat as Catholics swung towards the GOP.


      Election summaries




      Special elections


      15 special elections took place in 1894 leading up to and following the general election. They are listed below in order of election date then by state and district. Republicans flipped 3 seats in the special elections in New York's 14th, Kentucky's 9th, and Maryland's 5th congressional districts.


      Early election dates


      In 1894, three states, with 8 seats among them, held elections early:

      June 4 Oregon
      September 4 Vermont
      September 10 Maine


      Alabama




      Arkansas




      California




      Colorado




      Connecticut




      Delaware




      Florida




      Georgia




      Idaho




      Illinois




      Indiana




      Iowa




      Kansas




      Kentucky




      Louisiana




      Maine




      Maryland




      Massachusetts




      Michigan




      Minnesota




      Mississippi




      Missouri




      Montana




      Nebraska




      Nevada




      New Hampshire




      New Jersey




      New Mexico




      New York




      North Carolina




      North Dakota




      Ohio




      Oregon




      Pennsylvania




      Rhode Island




      South Carolina




      South Dakota




      Tennessee




      Texas




      Vermont




      Virginia




      Washington




      West Virginia




      Wisconsin



      Wisconsin elected ten members of congress on Election Day, November 6, 1894.


      Wyoming




      Non-voting delegates




      = Oklahoma Territory

      =


      See also


      1894 United States elections
      1894–95 United States Senate elections
      53rd United States Congress
      54th United States Congress


      Notes




      References




      Bibliography


      Republican Congressional Committee, Republican Campaign Text Book: 1894 (1894).
      Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971).
      Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
      Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
      Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
      "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.


      External links


      Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

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