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The Tunnel to Summer, the Exit of Goodbyes (2022)
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Kanji Miyake
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
Animation, Bioskop Online, bioskop21, Cinemaindo, Comedy, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Family, Fantasy, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, USA
Genndy Tartakovsky
Monster Summer (2024)
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David Henrie
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
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Irvin Kershner
Gloria (1980)
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John Cassavetes
Breaker Morant (1980)
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Bruce Beresford
Cheerleader Camp (1988)
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John Quinn
Falcon Lake (2022)
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Charlotte Le Bon
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)
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David Bowers
Cocoon (2020)
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Leonie Krippendorff
1980 Summer Paralympics GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
The 1980 Summer Paralympics (Dutch: Paralympische Zomerspelen 1980), branded as the Olympics for the Disabled, were the sixth Summer Paralympic Games. They were held in Arnhem, Netherlands, from 21 to 30 June 1980.
Background
The Soviet Union, hosts of the 1980 Summer Olympics, were invited to host these Paralympics. However, disability sport was not there, and they passed; notoriously, a statement was issued denying the existence of any disabled people in the country (labelled "invalids" by Soviet officials). Soviet Paralympic teams were first represented in the 1988 Summer and Winter Games, also the last while the Soviet Union was extant. The first Paralympics on former Soviet territory would be in 2014.
There was controversy during the preparation for these Games over the inclusion of a team from South Africa. In the Netherlands, public and official opinion was against the inclusion of the South African team and pressure came from a number of sports organisations against the Organising Committee. The Dutch Parliament was negative as well. Eventually, the parliament decided against allowing the participation of the South African team. Although "much of the publicity relating to the South African participation had been negative, it did succeed in bringing the disabled sports movement into the minds of many people who would not have otherwise considered the subject at all. Dutch organisers also increased visibility through their fundraising ... building a fund that would hold a surplus years after the games. This would naturally find its expression in the International Fund Sport Disabled, supporting the future of the paralympic movement in the 1980s."
Mascots
The 1980 Paralympics were the first ever to have mascots: a pair of squirrels, Noggi and Joggi, designed by Necky Oprinsen from Sint-Michielsgestel. They were chosen through a design competition by Dutch broadcaster AVRO.
Sports
Competitors were divided into four disability categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, and wheelchair. It was the first time that cerebral palsy athletes competed in the Paralympics. Volleyball was added to the program as a new sport.
Participating delegations
Forty-three delegations took part in the Arnhem Paralympics. Iceland, Kuwait and Sudan made their first appearances.
Prior to the Games, the States General (national Parliament) of the Netherlands, as host country, adopted a motion declaring South Africa's participation "undesirable", due to its policy of apartheid. The 1980 Games thus marked South Africa's first absence from the Summer Paralympics since it had joined the movement in 1964, and it remained absent until 1992. The Netherlands' decision thus corrected the anomaly whereby South Africa had been banned from the Olympic movement since 1960, while still being authorised to take part in the Paralympic Games.
Medal table
The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Netherlands, is highlighted.
See also
1980 Summer Olympics
1980 Winter Paralympics
References
External links
International Paralympic Committee
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
1980 Summer Paralympics - Wikiwand
Austria at the 1980 Summer Paralympics - Alchetron, the free social ...
Ethiopia at the 1980 Summer Paralympics - Alchetron, the free social ...
1980 Winter Paralympics - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia
Arnhem 1980 - Paralympics New Zealand
Category:1980 Summer Paralympics - Wikimedia Commons
1964 Summer Paralympics - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia
Athletics at the 1980 Summer Paralympics - Wikipedia
1988 Summer Paralympics - Wikipedia
2008 Summer Paralympics - Wikipedia
Category:1980 Winter Paralympics - Wikimedia Commons
1984 Summer Paralympics High Resolution Stock Photography and Images ...