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- 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum
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Licence to Kill (1989)
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John Glen
Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989)
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Hayao Miyazaki
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
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Robert Zemeckis
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
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Steven Spielberg
Ghostbusters II (1989)
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Ivan Reitman
The Abyss (1989)
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James Cameron
Miracles: The Canton Godfather (1989)
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Jackie Chan
Tatami (2024)
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Guy Nattiv
1989 Iranian constitutional referendum GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
A constitutional referendum was held in Iran on 28 July 1989, alongside presidential elections. Approved by 97.6% of voters, it was the first and so far only time the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been amended. It made several changes to articles 5, 107, 109, 111, and added article 176. It eliminated the need for the Supreme Leader (rahbar) of the country to be a marja or chosen by popular acclaim, it eliminated the post of prime minister, and it created a Supreme National Security Council.
Background
On 24 April 1989 while on his deathbed, Ayatollah Khomeini appointed a 25-man "Council for the Revision of the Constitution" (Persian: شورای بازنگری قانون اساسی, romanized: Šurā-ye bāznegari-e qānun-e asāsi). The council named Ali Khamenei as Khomeini's successor as Supreme Leader of Iran and drew up several amendments to the original constitution. Since the senior mujtahid or Marja of Iran had given only lukewarm support to Khomeini's principle of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, and Khamenei was not a marja, the original prerequisite that the rahbar (leader) be "a paramount faqih" (i.e. one of these marja) was dropped from the constitution.
Some changes to the constitution introduced by the Reform Council include:
changing the name of the Majlis-e Melli to the Majlis-e Islami.
increasing the size of the Assembly of Experts to 86 members
giving the Assembly of Experts the authority to convene at least once a year and to determine whether the Supreme Leader was ‘mentally and physically capable of carrying out his arduous duties.’
transforming the Expediency Council into a permanent body with members appointed by the Supreme Leader as well as representatives from the three branches of government, the armed forces, the intelligence service, and the Guardian Council.
The amendments were allegedly approved by Iranian voters and became law on 28 July 1989.
Members of the council
This is a list of members of Constitutional Amendment Council of Iran, appointed by Ayatollah Khomeini, who reviewed and amended the Constitution of Iran in 1989:
Abbas Ali Amid-Zanjani
Ebrahim Amini
Ahmad Azari Qomi
Asadollah Bayat
Mohammad Emami-Kashani
Hassan Habibi
Najafgholi Habibi
Hossein Hashemian
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Ahmad Jannati
Mehdi Karroubi
Ali Khamenei (deputy chairman)
Hadi Khamenei
Abolghasem Khazali
Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani
Ali Meshkini (chairman)
Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani
Mohammad Daneshzadeh Mo'men
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili
Mohammad Mousavi-Khoiniha
Abdollah Noori
Hassan Taheri-Khorramabadi
Mohammad Reza Tavassoli
Mohammad Yazdi
Results
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
1989 Iranian constitutional referendum - Wikiwand
Iranian Constitutional Revolution | Stanford History Education Group
Persian Constitutional Revolution - Wikiwand
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution | Columbia University Press
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