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4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA), also known by the former proposed brand name Aptrol, is a stimulant and anorectic drug of the amphetamine family. It is structurally related to mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone).




Pharmacology


In vitro, 4-methylamphetamine acts as a potent and well-balanced serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) with EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values of 53.4 nM, 22.2 nM, and 44.1 nM at the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters, respectively.
However, more recent in vivo studies that involved performing microdialysis on rats showed a different trend. These studies showed that 4-methylamphetamine is much more potent at elevating serotonin (~18 x baseline) relative to dopamine (~5 x baseline). The authors speculated that this is because 5-HT release dampens DA release through some mechanism. For example, it was suggested that a possible cause for this could be activation of 5HT2C receptors since this is known to inhibit DA release. In addition there are alternative explanations such as 5-HT release then going on to encourage GABA release, which has an inhibitory effect on DA neurons.




Research


4-MA was investigated as an appetite suppressant in 1952 and was even given a trade name, Aptrol, but development was apparently never completed. More recently it has been reported as a novel designer drug.
In animal studies, 4-MA was shown to have the lowest rate of self-administration out of a range of similar drugs tested (the others being 3-methylamphetamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, and 3-fluoroamphetamine), likely as a result of having the highest potency for releasing serotonin relative to dopamine.




Society and culture


More than a dozen deaths were reported throughout Europe in 2012-2013 after consumption of amphetamine ('speed') contaminated with 4-methylamphetamine.




See also


1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
2-Methylamphetamine
3-Methylamphetamine
4-Methyl-N-methylamphetamine
4-Methyl-N-methylcathinone
4-Methylphenmetrazine
3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine
3,4-Dimethylamphetamine
4-Ethylamphetamine




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• 4-Methylamphetamine
• 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
• 4-Methylmethamphetamine
• Phentermine
• 4-Fluoromethamphetamine
• 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine
• Methylamphetamine
• 4-Methylphenmetrazine
• 4-Fluoroamphetamine
• Mephedrone

4-MA - Chemical Route

3 Methoxy 4 methylamphetamine - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia

4-Methylthioamphetamine - Wikiwand

4-Methylmethamphetamine, (S)- | C11H17N | CID 13803307 - PubChem

4-Methoxyamphetamine | SIELC Technologies

4-Methylamphetamine hemisulfate | C20H32N2O4S | CID 3039467 - PubChem

4 Methylamphetamine Stock Illustrations – 2 4 Methylamphetamine Stock ...

4-Methy-Lmethylphenidate (4-MeTMP) CAS 191790-79-1 Fan Casting on myCast

2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine | Psychology Wiki | FANDOM powered by ...

4-Methylthioamphetamine - Wikipedia

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4-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine . | Download Scientific Diagram

4 methylamphetamine

Daftar Isi

• 4-Methylamphetamine - Wikipedia
• 4-Methylamphetamine | C10H15N | CID 199116 - PubChem
• 4-Methylmethamphetamine - Wikipedia
• 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): chemistry, pharmacology and ... - PubMed
• 4-METHYLAMPHETAMINE
• 4-Methylamphetamine - SWGDRUG
• Methylamphetamine - Wikipedia
• 4-Methylamphetamine, (+)- | C10H15N | CID 36689297 - PubChem
• 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): Chemistry, Pharmacology and …
• Functional characterization of N-octyl 4-methylamphetamine …

4-Methylamphetamine - Wikipedia

4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA), also known by the former proposed brand name Aptrol, is a stimulant and anorectic drug of the amphetamine family. It is structurally related to mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone).

4-Methylamphetamine | C10H15N | CID 199116 - PubChem

Oct 14, 2021 · 4-Methylamphetamine | C10H15N | CID 199116 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

4-Methylmethamphetamine - Wikipedia

4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA), also known as mephedrine, is a putative stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine family. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).

4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): chemistry, pharmacology and ... - PubMed

In this paper we summarized the chemical, pharmacological and toxicological information about this new potential recreational drug. From 2005 to 2012, 236 new substances have been officially notified in European Union via the Early Warning System …

4-METHYLAMPHETAMINE

4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA; PAL-313; Aptrol; p-TAP) is a stimulant and anorectic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes.In vitro, it acts as a potent and balanced serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent with Ki affinity values of 53.4nM, 22.2nM, and 44.1nM at the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine ...

4-Methylamphetamine - SWGDRUG

4-Methylamphetamine The Drug Enforcement Administration's Special Testing and Research Laboratory generated this monograph using structurally confirmed reference material.

Methylamphetamine - Wikipedia

Methylamphetamine may refer to: Phentermine, α-methylamphetamine; 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane, β-methylamphetamine; Methamphetamine, N-methylamphetamine Methamphetamine hydrochloride, "crystal meth" Ortetamine, 2-methylamphetamine; 3-Methylamphetamine; 4-Methylamphetamine

4-Methylamphetamine, (+)- | C10H15N | CID 36689297 - PubChem

Oct 14, 2021 · 4-Methylamphetamine, (+)- | C10H15N | CID 36689297 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): Chemistry, Pharmacology and …

In this paper we summarized the chemical, pharmacological and toxicological information about this new potential recreational drug. Keywords: 4-MA, 4-methylamphetamine, Amphetamines, Legal high, New drugs, pTAP.

Functional characterization of N-octyl 4-methylamphetamine …

May 5, 2021 · The early characterization of ligands at the dopamine and serotonin transporters, DAT and SERT, respectively, is important for drug discovery, forensic sciences, and drug abuse research. 4-Methyl amphetamine (4-MA) is a good example …