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42nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom) GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
42nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade was an air defence formation of Britain's Territorial Army (TA). It was responsible for protecting the area around Glasgow and industry along the Firth of Clyde during the Second World War.
Mobilisation
With the expansion of Britain's Anti-Aircraft (AA) defences during the late 1930s, new formations were created to command the growing number of Royal Artillery (RA) and Royal Engineers (RE) AA gun and searchlight units. 42nd AA Brigade was raised on 1 October 1938 at Glasgow, and formed part of 3rd AA Division, which had been created a month earlier for the air defence of Scotland and Northern Ireland. 42 AA Brigade's first commander was Brigadier W.M.M.O'D. Welsh, DSO, MC, appointed 1 October 1938.
At the time the brigade was formed, the TA's AA units were in a state of mobilisation because of the Munich crisis, although they were soon stood down. In February 1939 Britain's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. AA Command mobilised fully on 24 August, ahead of the official declaration of war on 3 September.
= Order of battle 1939
=On mobilisation in August 1939, 42nd AA Bde had the following composition:
74th (City of Glasgow) AA Regiment, RA – new Heavy AA gun unit formed at Glasgow in 1938
HQ and 230th–232nd Batteries
83rd (Blythswood) AA Regiment, RA – Heavy AA gun unit converted from 7th (Blythswood) Battalion, Highland Light Infantry in 1938
HQ and 257th–259th Batteries at Bridgeton, Glasgow
100th AA Regiment, RA – new Heavy AA gun unit formed at Motherwell in 1939
HQ, 304th and 305th Batteries
42nd AA Brigade Company, Royal Army Service Corps
The AA regiments of the RA were redesignated Heavy AA (HAA) in 1940 to distinguish them from the new Light AA (LAA) regiments being formed.
Phoney War
Attacks on Royal Navy bases early in the so-called Phoney War period prompted calls for stronger AA defences at Scapa Flow, Invergordon, Rosyth and the Clyde anchorage, and 3rd AA Division was given priority for delivery of HAA guns. The defenders had problems at Scapa, where a chain of rugged islands enclose an extensive area of water, which stretched beyond the reach of HAA fire from the islands. Installing gun positions on the islands required an immense amount of labour. A new Luftwaffe attack on 16 March 1940 caught the defences half-prepared: only 52 out of 64 HAA guns were fit for action, and 30 out of 108 searchlights. About 15 Junkers Ju 88s approached at low level in the dusk: half dived on the warships and the rest attacked the airfield. 44 HAA guns of 42 AA Bde engaged, but their predictors were defeated by erratic courses and low height. 17 LAA guns also engaged, but the Gun layers were blinded by gun-flashes in the half light. No enemy aircraft were brought down. A subsequent inquiry concluded that the low level attack had evaded radar, the gun lay-out still left gaps in the perimeter, and guns were out of action awaiting spare parts.
The Blitz
Following the Luftwaffe's defeat in the Battle of Britain, it began night attacks on Britain's cities ('The Blitz'). 3rd AA Division's responsibilities were split in November 1940 and a new 12th AA Division created, to which 42nd AA Bde was transferred, with its responsibility restricted to the defence of Glasgow and the Firth of Clyde. The industrial town of Clydebank near Glasgow was badly hit on the nights of 13/14 and 14/15 March 1941 in the 'Clydebank Blitz', but none of the raiders was brought down by AA fire. The urgent need for more HAA guns on Clydeside was well known: the authorised scale had been 80 in 1939, raised to 120 in 1940, but in February 1941 there were still only 67. A new scale of 144 guns was authorised on 21 March, but only 88 were in position. There were three other heavy raids on Clydeside during the Blitz, on the nights of 7/8 April, 5/6 and 6/7 May 1941.
= Order of Battle 1940–41
=By this stage of the war, 42nd AA Bde's order of battle was as follows:
73rd HAA Rgt – from 7 AA Division May 1941
209, 210, 311 HAA Btys
83rd HAA Rgt – left Summer 1941; later to Tenth Army in Iraq
257, 258, 259 HAA Btys
100th HAA Rgt
304, 305, 321, 406 HAA Btys
111th HAA Rgt – new regiment formed October 1940; to 3 AA Bde (Northern Ireland) June 1941
347, 356, 389 HAA Btys
355 HAA Bty – attached to 3 AA Bde
123rd HAA Rgt – new regiment formed in February 1941
402, 403, 404, 417 HAA Btys
18th LAA Rgt – New regiment formed at Glasgow September 1939; attached to 63 AA Bde May 1941
99, 139, 252 LAA Btys at Glasgow
56 LAA Bty at Ardeer
60th LAA Rgt – New regiment formed November 1940 to 63 AA Bde by May 1941
180, 181, 187 LAA Btys
(By this time, 74th HAA Rgt was on its way to Egypt.)
Mid war
As the war progressed, units equipped with Z Battery rocket launchers appeared, and several of the existing TA AA units went overseas, to be replaced by war-formed units, many of them 'mixed', including women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service. By June 42, 83 HAA and 18 LAA Rgts had joined Tenth Army in Iraq.
= Order of Battle 1941–42
=The composition of the brigade was completely reorganised in the summer of 1941, giving it the following order of battle from September (temporary attachments omitted):
59th (Essex Regiment) HAA Rgt – from 8 AA Division; to 6 AA Division by December 1941
164, 167, 265, 429 HAA Btys
60th (City of London) HAA Rgt – from 11 AA Division; to 57 AA Bde May 1942; later to India
168, 169, 206, 359 HAA Btys
100th HAA Rgt – to 57 AA Bde May 1942; in Middle East Forces by May 1943, later serving under Eighth Army in the Italian campaign
304, 305, 321, 406 HAA Btys
123rd HAA Rgt – to 7 AA Division by May 1942
402, 403, 404, 417 HAA Btys
126th HAA Rgt – new regiment formed July 1941
423, 425, 426 HAA Btys
130th (Mixed) HAA Rgt – new regiment formed August 1941
442, 443, 448, 449 (M) HAA Btys
155th (Mixed) HAA Rgt – from 57 AA Bde August 1942
525, 528, 531, 537 (M) HAA Btys
170th (Mixed) HAA Rgt – new regiment formed August 1942
528, 547, 554, 567, 568 (M) HAA Btys
3rd AA 'Z' Rgt – to 3 AA Division May 1942
103 Z Bty – left before May 1942
107, 115, 118 Z Btys
191 Z Bty – joined March 1942
11th AA 'Z' Rgt
134, 146 Z Btys
136 Z Bty – joined August 1942
147 Z Bty – to Orkney and Shetland Defences (OSDEF) August 1942
42 AA Brigade Signal Office Mixed Subsection – part of 1 Company, 12 AA Division Mixed Signal Unit, Royal Corps of Signals (RCS)
Later war
The AA divisions in the UK were disbanded in September 1942 and replaced by a system of AA Groups corresponding to the Groups of RAF Fighter Command. 42nd AA Bde came under 6 AA Group based at Edinburgh and affiliated to No. 14 Group RAF.
= Order of Battle 1942–44
=The composition of the brigade at this time was as follows (temporary attachments omitted):
86th (Honourable Artillery Company) HAA Rgt – from 36 (Scottish) AA Bde November 1942; to Second Army for Operation Overlord February 1943
273, 274, 383 HAA Btys
130th (M) HAA Rgt – to 30 (Northumbrian) AA Bde Summer 1943
442, 443, 448, 449 (M) HAA Btys
135th (M) HAA Rgt – from 30 AA Bde Summer 1943
466, 467, 473, 491 (M) HAA Btys
147th HAA Rgt – from 3 AA Division; to 51 AA Bde November 1942
358, 360, 403, 427 HAA Btys
158th (M) HAA Rgt – from 51 AA Bde November 1943
540, 541, 548, 572 (M) HAA Btys
170th (M) HAA Rgt – to 30 AA Bde April 1943
528, 554, 567, 568 (M) HAA Btys
180th (M) HAA Rgt – new regiment formed October 1942; to 36 (Scottish) AA Bde November 1943
547, 586 (M) HAA Btys
609 (M) HAA Bty – joined January 1943
613 (M) HAA Bty – joined by March 1943
188th (M) HAA Rgt – new regiment formed January 1943; to 7 AA Group May 1943
630, 631 (M) HAA Btys
81st LAA Rgt – from 5 AA Group November 1943
199, 261, 307 LAA Btys
57th (8th Bn Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)) Searchlight Rgt – from 63 AA Bde November 1942; to 57 AA Bde December 1942
420, 421, 422, 423 S/L Btys
11th AA 'Z' Rgt
134, 136 Z Btys
146 Z Bty – to 16th AA 'Z' Rgt November 1942
147 Z Bty – left January 1943
107 Z Bty – from 3 AA 'Z' Rgt December 1942
115 Z Bty – from 3 AA 'Z' Rgt January 1943
224 Z Bty – joined January 1943
42 AA Brigade Mixed Signal Office Section – part of 3 Company, 6 AA Group Mixed Signal Unit, RCS
Disbandment
By early 1944 aerial attacks against Scotland were rare and the AA defences could be scaled back. 6 AA Group HQ moved to the south of England to defend the embarkation ports for Operation Overlord (the planned Normandy landings) and to prepare for the expected assault with V-1 flying bombs, and 42 AA Brigade HQ was disbanded at Edinburgh on 20 February 1944.
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 42 AA Bde was reorganised as 68 AA Brigade (TA), with its HQ at Glasgow, forming part of 3 AA Group at Edinburgh. It comprised the following units:
500 (Mobile) HAA Rgt at Hamilton – formerly 100 HAA Rgt, see above
518 LAA Rgt at Maryhill – formerly 18 LAA Rgt, see above
554 (Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt at Milngavie – formerly 54 LAA Rgt in 9th Armoured Division, originally 9th (Dunbartonshire) Bn, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
558 (Mobile) HAA Rgt at Wishaw – formerly 58 (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt, duplicate of 54 LAA Rgt
On 1 October 1948, the brigade became a Regular Army HQ and dropped the '(TA)' part of its title, though continuing to command its TA units. In 1950, 500 and 558 HAA Regiments merged, as 558 HAA Rgt at Coatdyke, and 518 LAA Rgt merged with 591st (Cameronians) (Mixed) LAA/Searchlight Rgt (formerly 125 LAA Rgt, originally 5/8th Bn, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)).
AA Command was abolished on 10 March 1955, when 558 HAA was disbanded and the other regiments of 68 AA Bde underwent mergers. A few weeks later, HQ 68 AA Bde itself was converted into HQ 1st Army Group Royal Artillery (Field). It joined the British Army of the Rhine as a Corps artillery HQ in 1958 and was redesignated again as 1st Artillery Brigade in 1961.
Footnotes
Notes
References
Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, ISBN 1-874622-92-2.
Gen Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: "The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945" London Gazette 18 December 1947
Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3.
External sources
British and Commonwealth Military Badge Forum
British Military History
Generals of World War II
Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
British Army units from 1945 on
The Royal Artillery 1939–45
Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947
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