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5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), used medically as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
5-HTP can be manufactured and used as a drug and supplement with the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name oxitriptan. Brand names include Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum. As a drug, it is used in the treatment of depression and for certain other indications.




Production


5-HTP is produced from the amino acid tryptophan through the action of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. Tryptophan hydroxylase is one of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Production of 5-HTP is the rate-limiting step in 5-HT (serotonin) synthesis. 5-HTP is normally rapidly converted to 5-HT by amino acid decarboxylase.




Metabolism


5-HTP is decarboxylated to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) by the enzyme aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase with the help of vitamin B6. This reaction occurs both in nervous tissue and in the liver. 5-HTP crosses the blood–brain barrier, while 5-HT does not. Excess 5-HTP, especially when administered with vitamin B6, is thought to be metabolized and excreted.




Dietary sources



Though 5-HTP is found in food only in insignificant quantities, it is a chemical involved intermediately in the metabolism of tryptophan, an amino acid found in all unfractionated foods, with lower total amino acid content correlating with increased tryptophan absorption.




Use as a medication and supplement



5-HTP is used medically and as a supplement under the name oxitriptan in the treatment of depression and for certain other indications.
It can be potentiated in combination with a peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide. These agents increase the strength and duration of oxitriptan. An investigational combination formulation is oxitriptan/carbidopa.




Research






= Psychedelic effects

=

5-HTP robustly produces the head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents when administered at relatively high doses. Similarly, intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin, but not peripheral administration of serotonin, produces the HTR. The HTR is induced by serotonergic psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin and is a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects.
The HTR of 5-HTP is blocked by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, which block the hallucinogenic effects of serotonergic psychedelics in humans, is prevented by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitors, which block conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin, and is potentiated by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors, which prevent the degradation of serotonin and other endogenous tryptamines. In addition, the HTR of 5-HTP is abolished by indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) inhibitors, which block conversion of serotonin and other endogenous tryptamines into N-methylated tryptamines, such as N-methylserotonin (NMS; norbufotenin), bufotenin (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 5-HO-DMT), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). These N-methylated tryptamines are well-known for their psychedelic effects, whereas serotonin itself, without biotransformation, does not seem to produce psychedelic effects. 5-HTP has not been found to produce psychedelic effects in humans, which has been attributed to the high doses required to produce such effects. The 5-HTP doses that produce the HTR in rodents are orders of magnitude higher than the doses of 5-HTP that have been used safely and therapeutically in humans. It remains unknown whether 5-HTP can produce psychedelic effects in humans.
The lack of the HTR and psychedelic effects with serotonin itself has been attributed to the fact that these effects appear to be dependent on activation of a population of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors expressed in cortical neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that lack the serotonin transporter (SERT) and are inaccessible to serotonin. Serotonin itself is too hydrophilic to enter serotonergic neurons without the SERT, whereas serotonergic psychedelics and serotonin's N-methylated metabolites and analogues are lipophilic and readily enter these neurons. These findings may also explain why selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related serotonergic agents do not produce psychedelic effects.




See also


α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Serotonin
• Arvid Carlsson
• 5-Hydroxytryptophan
• Α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan
• Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
• Serotonin syndrome
• Serotonin
• Oxitriptan
• Tryptophan hydroxylase
• Carbidopa/oxitriptan
• Melatonin
• 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

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Daftar Isi

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5-HTP is a chemical that can be converted to serotonin in the body. It is used for depression, anxiety, and other conditions, but it has some risks and interactions. Learn more about 5-HTP …

5-Hydroxytryptophan - Wikipedia

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), used medically as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. 5-HTP can be manufactured and used as a drug and supplement with the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name oxitriptan. Brand names include Cin…

5-Hydroxytryptophan (HTP) Side Effects and Benefits

Feb 1, 2024 · 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a supplement purported to enhance mood, induce sleep, and promote weight loss. Learn about the research and …

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) - Mount Sinai Health System

5-HTP is a supplement that boosts serotonin levels in the brain and may help with depression, fibromyalgia, insomnia, migraines, and weight loss. Learn about its dietary sources, how to …

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Sep 5, 2023 · 5-HTP supplements may raise levels of serotonin in the brain. Some studies have found that 5-HTP supplements help relieve depression. Some research showed that 5-HTP …

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Sep 15, 2023 · 5-HTP is a natural supplement that can be converted to serotonin in the body. It is sometimes used for depression, anxiety, and other conditions, but it may have side effects and interactions with medications and other …

5-Hydroxytryptophan Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com

May 16, 2024 · Learn about the uses and potential benefits of 5-Hydroxytryptophan including dosage guidelines, side effects, interactions and safety/efficacy ratings.

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Aug 21, 2019 · 5-Hydroxytryptophan, or 5-HTP, is often used as a supplement to boost serotonin levels. However, taking it can cause some side effects by spiking your serotonin too much. Ask your doctor...