Disodium pyrophosphate - Wikipedia
It consists of sodium cations ( Na +) and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions ( H 2P 2O2−7). It is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and ...
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- Control-C
- Coomassie briliant blue
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- Buffer
- A-buffer
- Michael Buffer
- Data buffer
- Circular buffer
- Bruce Buffer
- Buffer overflow
- Buffer solution
- Framebuffer
- Buffer state
- Buffer Definition and Examples in Chemistry - Science Notes and …
- Introduction to Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
- Buffer solution - Wikipedia
- What Is a Buffer and How Does It Work? - ThoughtCo
- 14.9: Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
- Buffer - Chemistry - Definition, Types, Examples, Buffer Actions ...
- 10.6: Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
- Buffer Definition in Chemistry and Biology - ThoughtCo
- Buffer | pH control, acid-base balance, buffer solutions | Britannica
- Buffer Solution: Definition, Examples, and Preparation
a buffer
A-buffer GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
In computer graphics, A-buffer, also known as anti-aliased, area-averaged or accumulation buffer, is a general hidden surface mechanism suited to medium scale virtual memory computers. It resolves visibility among an arbitrary collection of opaque, transparent, and intersecting objects. Using an easy to compute Fourier window (box filter), it increases the effective image resolution many times over the Z-buffer, with a moderate increase in cost.
The A-buffer method is a descendant of the well known Z-buffer, which provides good quality results in moderate time.
Uses
In 3-D image synthesis system, the balance between the quality and the cost of computation has always been needed. Using a full object-precision visible-surface algorithm at each pixel is expensive. A-buffer method provides moderate quality results in moderate cost of computation.
A-buffer helps in using visibility techniques and supports all conceivable geometric modeling primitives: polygons, patches, quadrics, fractals, and so forth. It also helps to handle transparency and intersecting surfaces (and transparent intersecting surfaces).
Strategy
Carpenter's A-buffer algorithm addresses this problem by approximating Catmull's per-pixel object-precision area sampling with per-pixel image-precision operation performed on a sub-pixel grid. Polygons are first processed in scan-line order by clipping them to each square pixel they cover. This results in list of clipped polygon fragments corresponding to each square pixel. Each fragment has 4 by 8 bit mask of parts of the pixel it covers.
The bit-mask for a fragment is computed by xoring together masks representing each of the fragment's edges. When all polygons intersecting a pixel have been processed, the area-weighted average of the colors of the pixel's visible surfaces is obtained by selecting fragments in depth-sorted order and using their bit masks to clip those of farther fragments.
The bit masks can be manipulated efficiently with Boolean operations. For example, two fragment bit masks can be added together to determine the overlap between them. The A-buffer algorithm saves only a small amount of additional information with each fragment. For example. It includes the fragment's z extent, but no information about which part of the fragment is associated with these z values. Thus, the algorithm must make assumptions about the sub-pixel geometry in cases in which fragment bit masks overlap in z.
References
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PPT - Chem. Concepts: Buffers PowerPoint Presentation, free download ...
Buffer Definition and Examples in Chemistry
Buffers
What Is A Buffer Solution?
What Is A Buffer & How Does It Work?
Buffers, Buffer Components and Buffer Action - Concept | Chemistry | JoVe
PDF examples of buffer solutions PDF Télécharger Download
PPT - What is a buffer? PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:5083921
What is a Buffer Solution? | Chemistry | ChemTalk
Buffer System in Chemistry | Definition, Function & Examples - Lesson ...
Buffer Solutions: Principle and Mechanism of their Action - PSIBERG
PPT - Buffers PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:5405069
a buffer
Daftar Isi
Buffer Definition and Examples in Chemistry - Science Notes and …
Jan 21, 2024 · A buffer solution resists a change in pH from the addition of a small amount of acid or base. A buffer is a solution that maintains the stability of a system’s pH level when adding …
Introduction to Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
Jan 30, 2023 · A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus …
Buffer solution - Wikipedia
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. [1] Its pH changes very little when a small amount of …
What Is a Buffer and How Does It Work? - ThoughtCo
Oct 7, 2019 · A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. A buffering agent is a weak acid or weak base that helps maintain the pH of an aqueous solution after adding …
14.9: Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
For example, a buffer can be composed of dissolved HC 2 H 3 O 2 (a weak acid) and NaC 2 H 3 O 2 (the salt derived from that weak acid). Another example of a buffer is a solution containing …
Buffer - Chemistry - Definition, Types, Examples, Buffer Actions ...
A solution whose pH is not altered to any great extent by the addition of small quantities of either an acid or base is called buffer solution. Buffer is also defined as the solution of reserve acidity …
10.6: Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
Jan 21, 2025 · A buffer (or buffered) solution is one that resists a change in its pH when H + or OH – ions are added or removed owing to some other reaction taking place in the same solution. …
Buffer Definition in Chemistry and Biology - ThoughtCo
May 4, 2019 · A buffer is an aqueous solution used to keep the pH of a solution nearly constant. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. …
Buffer | pH control, acid-base balance, buffer solutions | Britannica
Jan 4, 2025 · Buffer, in chemistry, solution usually containing an acid and a base, or a salt, that tends to maintain a constant hydrogen ion concentration. Ions are atoms or molecules that …
Buffer Solution: Definition, Examples, and Preparation
Some of the characteristics of a buffer solution are as follows: Primarily, buffer solutions are of two types: acidic and basic buffers. A buffer solution prepared with large quantities of a weak acid …