acanthocephalus acanthocephalan
Acanthocephalus (acanthocephalan) GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
Acanthocephalus is a genus of parasitic worms. One of the species in this genus is Acanthocephalus anguillae (Mueller, 1780), a fish parasite. Acanthocephalans are also found in humans and primates, causing a common zoonotic infection called "human acanthocephaliasis". While pathogens can be transferred among animals and humans, the main source of human acanthocephaliasis is the diet of infected raw fish and insects (Lotfy, 2020). Because they are lacking circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, Acanthocephalus are exceptionally well-adapted to a symbiotrophic existence (Margulis & Chapman, 2009).
Life Cycle
There are 5 steps in which Acanthocephala cycles through life; (1)Their eggs shed in feces. (2)These eggs are then ingested by their host. (3)The definitive host then gets infected due to ingesting the eggs from the first host. (4)The definitive host is either rats or raccoons and therefore, in this step the Acanthocephala matures in the small intestine. (5)Lastly, the Acanthocephala matures and also produces eggs inside the definitive host (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).
Species
Contains the following species:
Acanthocephalus acutispinus Machado, 1891
Acanthocephalus acutulus Van Cleave, 1931
Acanthocephalus alabamensis Amin and Williams, 1983
Acanthocephalus anguillae (Mueller, 1780)
An intestinal parasite, it is found both in the Baltic Sea and along the coast of California, where it is often found in the fore- and mid-gut of the Brown and Rainbow trouts.
Acanthocephalus anthuris (Dujardin, 1845)
Acanthocephalus balkanicus Batchvoarov, 1974
Acanthocephalus breviprostatus Kennedy, 1982
Acanthocephalus bufonis Burton & Pichelin, 1999
Acanthocephalus clavula (Dujardin, 1845)
Acanthocephalus correalimai Machado, 1970
Acanthocephalus criniae Anow, 1971
Acanthocephalus curtus (Achenrov, et al., 1941)
Acanthocephalus dirus (Van Cleave, 1931)
Instead of having its eggs expelled from the host in feces, the gravid female detaches itself from the host's digestive tract and sinks to the bottom, where her body is consumed by the species' intermediate host, Caecidotea intermedius, a species of isopod. Upon hatching, the larvae begin to alter their host's behavior. This will manifest in lighter pigmentation and an increased attraction to predators, such as A. dirus' primary hosts.
Acanthocephalus domerguei (Golvan, et al., 1972
Acanthocephalus echigoensis Fujita, 1920
Found both in California and in Thailand, it has been known to parasitize the sockeye salmon, chum salmon, rainbow trout, and barramundi.
Acanthocephalus elongatus Van Cleave, 1937
Acanthocephalus falcatus (Froelich, 1789)
Acanthocephalus fluviatilis Paperna, 1964
Acanthocephalus galaxii Hine, 1977
Acanthocephalus goaensis Jain and Gupta, 1981
Acanthocephalus gotoi Van Cleave, 1925
Acanthocephalus graciliacanthus Meyer, 1932
Acanthocephalus haranti Golvan and Oliver, 1969
Acanthocephalus hastae Bayliss, 1944
Acanthocephalus japonicus (Fukui and Morisita, 1936)
Acanthocephalus kaskmirensis Datta, 1936
Acanthocephalus kubulensis Datta and Soota, 1956
Acanthocephalus lucidus Van Cleave, 1925
Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller, 1776)
It is native to Europe.
Acanthocephalus lutzi (Linstow, 1896)
Acanthocephalus madagascariensis Golvan, 1965
Acanthocephalus minor Yamaguti, 1935
Acanthocephalus nanus Van Cleave, 1925
Acanthocephalus opsariichthydis
Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus Amin, Heckmann & Ha, 2014
Acanthocephalus parallelotestis Achmerov, et al., 1941
Acanthocephalus paronai (Condorelli, 1897)
Acanthocephalus pesteri Tadros, 1966
Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788)
Acanthocephalus rauschi (Schmidt, 1969)
Acanthocephalus reunionensis Smales, Sasal & Taraschewski, 2007
Acanthocephalus sameguiensis
Acanthocephalus serendibensis Crusz and Mills, 1970
Acanthocephalus srilankensis Crusz and Ching, 1976
Acanthocephalus tahleguahensis Oetinger and Buckner, 1976
Acanthocephalus tenuirostris (Achmerov, et al., 1941)
Acanthocephalus tigrinae (Shipley, 1903)
Acanthocephalus tumescens (Linstow, 1896)
References
Lotfy, Wael M. (2020). "Neglected rare human parasitic infections: Part III: Acanthocephaliasis". Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Matrouh University, Egypt, Vol. 13.