Allen Newell GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was an American researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theorist (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957) (with Herbert A. Simon). He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along with Herbert A. Simon in 1975 for their contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.


      Early studies


      Newell completed his bachelor's degree in physics from Stanford in 1949. He was a graduate student at Princeton University from 1949 to 1950, where he studied mathematics. Due to his early exposure to an unknown field known as game theory and the experiences from the study of mathematics, he was convinced that he would prefer a combination of experimental and theoretical research to pure mathematics.
      In 1950, he left Princeton and joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica where he worked for "a group that was studying logistics problems of the Air Force". His work with Joseph Kruskal led to the creation of two theories: A Model for Organization Theory and Formulating Precise Concepts in Organization Theory. Newell eventually earned his PhD from the now Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon with Herbert Simon serving as his advisor.
      Afterwards, Newell "turned to the design and conduct of laboratory experiments on decision making in small groups". He was dissatisfied, however, with the accuracy and validity of their findings produced from small-scale laboratory experiments. He joined with fellow RAND teammates John Kennedy, Bob Chapman, and Bill Biel at an Air Force Early Warning Station to study organizational processes in flight crews. They received funding from the Air Force in 1952 to build a simulator that would enable them to examine and analyze the interactions in the cockpit related to decision-making and information-handling. From these studies, Newell came to believe that information processing is the central activity in organizations.


      Artificial intelligence


      In September 1954, Newell enrolled in a seminar where Oliver Selfridge "described a running computer program that learned to recognize letters and other patterns". This was when Allen came to believe that systems may be created and contain intelligence and have the ability to adapt. With this in mind, Allen, after a couple of months, wrote in 1955 The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation, which "outlined an imaginative design for a computer program to play chess in humanoid fashion".
      His work came to the attention of economist (and future nobel laureate) Herbert A. Simon, and, together with programmer J. C. Shaw, they developed the first true artificial intelligence program(see notes), the Logic Theorist. Newell's work on the program laid the foundations of the field. His inventions included: list processing, the most important programming paradigm used by AI ever since; the application of means-ends analysis to general reasoning (or "reasoning as search"); and the use of heuristics to limit the search space.
      They presented the program at the Dartmouth conference of 1956, an informal gathering of researchers who were interested in simulating intelligence with machines. The conference, now widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence", was enormously influential and those who attended became the leaders of AI research for the next two decades, Newell included.


      Later achievements


      Newell and Simon formed a lasting partnership. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties. This work included the General Problem Solver, a highly influential implementation of means–ends analysis, and the physical symbol systems hypothesis, the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced to the kind of symbol manipulation that Newell's programs demonstrated.
      Newell's work culminated in the development of a cognitive architecture known as Soar and his unified theory of cognition, published in 1990, but their improvement was the objective of his efforts up to his death (one of the last Newell's letters Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine). The field of cognitive architectures, that he initiated, is still active in both the artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science communities.


      Awards and honors


      1971 — John Danz Lecturer, University of Washington
      1971 — Harry Goode Memorial Award, American Federation of Information Processing Societies
      1972 — Elected to member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
      1972 — Elected to Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
      1975 — A. M. Turing Award (with Herbert A. Simon), Association for Computing Machinery
      1976–77 — Guggenheim Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
      1979 — Alexander C. Williams Jr. Award (with William C. Biel, Robert Chapman and John L. Kennedy), Human Factors Society
      1980 — Elected to member of the United States National Academy of Engineering
      1980 — First President, American Association for Artificial Intelligence
      1981 — Charter recipient of the Computer Pioneer Award from the IEEE Computer Society
      1985 — Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, American Psychological Association
      1986 — Doctor of Science (Honorary), University of Pennsylvania
      1987 — William James Lectures, Harvard University
      1989 — Award for Research Excellence, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
      1989 — Doctor in the Behavioral and Social Sciences (Honorary), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
      1989 — William James Fellow Award (charter recipient), American Psychological Society
      1990 — IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
      1990 — IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award
      1990 — Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
      1992 — U.S. National Medal of Science
      1992 — The Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal
      The ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award was named in his honor. The Award for Research Excellence of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science was also named in his honor.


      See also


      List of pioneers in computer science


      Notes


      Logic theorist is usually considered the first true AI program, although Arthur Samuel's checkers program was released earlier. Christopher Strachey also wrote a checkers program in 1951


      References




      = Further reading

      =
      Allen Newell at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
      Allen Newell at the AI Genealogy Project.
      Oral history interview with Allen Newell at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Newell discusses his entry into computer science, funding for computer science departments and research, the development of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, including the work of Alan Perlis and Raj Reddy, and the growth of the computer science and artificial intelligence research communities. Compares computer science programs at Stanford, MIT, and Carnegie Mellon.
      Full-text digital archive of Allen Newell papers
      Biography
      Mind Models online Artificial Intelligence exhibit
      Publications by Allen Newell from Interaction-Design.org
      Allen Newell Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine by Gualtiero Piccinini in New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Thomson Gale, ed.


      External links


      Herbert A. Simon, "Allen Newell", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1997)
      Quotations related to Allen Newell at Wikiquote

    Kata Kunci Pencarian:

    allen newellallen newell and herbert simonallen newell aiallen newell cliff shaw and herbert simonallen newell human problem solvingallen newell pronunciationallen newell booksallen newell awardallen newell unified theories of cognitionallen newell logic theorist
    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

    Allen Newell (Computer Scientist) - On This Day

    Allen Newell (Computer Scientist) - On This Day

    Allen Newell

    Allen Newell

    Allen Newell - Chessprogramming wiki

    Allen Newell - Chessprogramming wiki

    Allen Joseph Newell Obituary - Visitation & Funeral Information

    Allen Joseph Newell Obituary - Visitation & Funeral Information

    Allen Lester Newell Obituary - Visitation & Funeral Information

    Allen Lester Newell Obituary - Visitation & Funeral Information

    PPT - Allen Newell PowerPoint Presentation - ID:3737509

    PPT - Allen Newell PowerPoint Presentation - ID:3737509

    About - Alan Newell

    About - Alan Newell

    Newell Allen - Razor Edge Media Ltd

    Newell Allen - Razor Edge Media Ltd

    computer-pioneers-allen-newell - CHM

    computer-pioneers-allen-newell - CHM

    Search Results

    allen newell

    Daftar Isi

    Allen Newell - Wikipedia

    Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was an American researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.

    Allen Newell | Pioneering AI Scientist & A.M. Turing Award …

    Allen Newell (born March 19, 1927, San Francisco, Calif., U.S.—died July 19, 1992, Pittsburgh, Pa.) was an American computer scientist and one of the pioneers of the science of artificial intelligence (AI).

    Allen Newell - A.M. Turing Award Laureate

    Professionally, Newell is chiefly remembered for his important contributions to artificial intelligence research, his use of computer simulations in psychology, and his inexhaustible, infectious energy. His central goal was to understand the cognitive architecture of the human mind and how it enabled humans to solve problems.

    Allen Newell (Ph.D. 1957, faculty) - Carnegie Mellon University

    Allen Newell is considered one of the founders of the field of artificial intelligence, earning international renown for his pioneering work, and was a key figure in the field of cognitive psychology.

    Allen Newell - Encyclopedia.com

    Jun 11, 2018 · Newell, Allen (b . 19 March 1927 in San Francisco , California; d. 19 July 1992 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), pioneer of research into artificial intelligence (AI). Newell was the second child of Robert R. Newell, a radiologist, and Jeanette Levalley, a homemaker.

    ALLEN NEWELL | Biographical Memoirs: Volume 71 | The …

    Jul 19, 1992 · How would he have answered the question, "What kind of scientist?" We humans have long been obsessed with four great questions: the nature of matter, the origins of the universe, the nature of life, the workings of mind. Allen Newell chose for his life's work answering the fourth of these questions.

    Computer Pioneers - Allen Newell

    Allen Newell. Born March 19, 1927, San Francisco, Calif.; died July 19, 1992, at Montefiore Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pa.; with Herbert Simon and John Shaw in 1957, first articulated a rule-based model of human and computer problem solving.

    Allen Newell (1927 - 1992) - Cambridge University Press

    Allen Newell, one of the founders of both artificial intelligence and cognitive science, was awarded the National Medal of Science by United States President George Bush only a month before his death in July 1992.

    ALLEN NEWELL 1927–1992 - NAE Website

    ALLEN NEWELL, a pioneering computer scientist with broad ranging contributions to information science and technology, died on July 19, 1992, at the age of sixty-five. Newell is considered one of the founders of the field of artificial intelligence, and was a major scientific figure in the field of cognitive psychology.

    Libraries/UnivArchives: Allen Newell Collection [Carnegie Mellon …

    The pioneering work of professors Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell inspired advancements in cognitive theory and computer science worldwide. Visit other sites with tributes, bibliographies, and related information.