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      Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
      It is contrasted with autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person), syngenic transplantation of isografts (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) and xenotransplantation (from other species).
      Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage.
      An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called graft-versus-host disease.


      Procedure


      Material is obtained from a donor who is a living person, or a deceased person's body receiving mechanical support or ventilation, or a deceased person's body whose heart stopped beating. Screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C is then conducted.
      In the US, donor tissue must be recovered and processed adhering to the Current Good Tissue Practices rule. In most cases, it is sent to tissue banks for processing and distribution. Each year, Food and Drug Administration regulated and American Association of Tissue Banks-accredited tissue banks distribute 1.5 million bone and tissue allografts.


      Transplantable organs and tissues



      A variety of organs and tissues can be used for allografts, including:

      Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair
      Joint reconstruction in the knee and ankle
      Meniscal replacement
      Reconstruction due to cancer or trauma
      Ridge augmentation in dental procedures
      Shoulder repair
      Spinal fusion
      Urological procedures
      Skin transplants
      Corneal transplants
      Heart transplants
      Heart valves
      Lung transplantation
      Intestinal transplantation (isolated small bowel, intestine & liver, multivisceral)
      Liver transplants
      Kidney transplants
      Pancreas transplantation
      Islet cell transplantation
      Bone marrow transplants
      Bone allograft
      Ligament or tendon allograft


      Laws and regulations




      = United States

      =
      In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulated human tissue intended for transplants since 1993. In order to ensure the quality of donor tissue and reduce contamination and disease transmission risks, three regulations addressing manufacturing activities associated with human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) were promulgated in May 2005:

      companies producing and distributing HCT/Ps must register with the FDA.
      "Donor Eligibility" rule: prescribes criteria for donor eligibility.
      "Current Good Tissue Practices" rule: oversees overall processing and distribution practices of each company.


      Other transplant options


      Autograft, tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same patient. An autograft reduces the risk of rejection but requires a second surgery site, adding pain, risk and possible longer aftercare.
      Xenograft, a transplant from another species
      Isograft, a transplant from a genetically identical donor, such as an identical twin.
      Synthetic and metal implants. Unlike allografts, such grafts do not corporate into the body.


      Risks


      As with many operations, allotransplantation risks some side effects. A limiting factor in tissue allotransplantation for reconstructive surgery deals with the side effects of immunosuppression (metabolic disorders, malignancies, opportunistic infections) which is a predominant issue. The risk of transmitting infection is high.


      See also


      Allograft diseases
      Medical grafting


      References




      External links


      [1]
      [2]
      Tissue & Tissue Products
      OrganDonor.gov (How to register to be a donor in the USA)
      Allogeneic stem cell transplantation entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
      Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

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    Allotransplantation - Latest research and news - Nature

    Jan 13, 2025 · Allotransplantation is the transplantation of an organ or tissue from one individual to another of the same species with a different genotype. The transplant is called an allograft.

    Allotransplantation - Wikipedia

    Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. [1] . The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and …

    Composite tissue allotransplantation: opportunities and …

    Vascularized composite allotransplants (VCAs) are grafts that are composed of multiple different tissues but are transplanted together as a single unit. A typical example is a hand graft, which consists of muscles, skin, bone, vessels, and nerves.

    Living Bone Allotransplants Survive by Surgical Angiogenesis …

    This study demonstrates a novel method of composite-tissue allotransplantation, permitting long-term drug-free survival, with use of therapeutic angiogenesis of autogenous vessels to maintain circulation.

    Recent advances in our understanding of the allograft response

    Allotransplantation saves and improves many thousands of lives every year and is the most common treatment for end-stage lung, heart, liver and kidney disease. The global demand continues to rise, yet there are unresolved challenges to this therapy.

    Composite tissue allotransplantation: opportunities and …

    Mar 6, 2019 · In this review article, we provide a comprehensive update on limb and face transplantation, with a specific emphasis on the alloimmune responses to VCA, established and novel immunosuppressive...

    Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute leukemia

    Dec 9, 2022 · Outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for patients with advanced acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain uncertain. All published series include the important and often not stated selection bias that influences outcome.

    Allotransplantation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Allotransplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, this life-saving treatment is limited by the challenge of controlling the immune system to prevent damage to the foreign organ.

    A Comprehensive Guide to Allotransplantation - Medical Tourism …

    Allotransplantation is a life-saving procedure that involves transplanting organs and tissues between genetically non-identical individuals. Understanding the types, risks, advances, and ethical considerations is crucial for improving outcomes and supporting the transplant community.

    Allotransplantation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Aug 15, 2013 · Allotransplantation is the most common treatment for end stage kidney, liver, lung, and heart disease. In order to accommodate the allograft, the recipient must be immune-suppressed, to prevent rejection of the graft by the innate and adaptive immune system.