ankyloblepharon

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    Ankyloblepharon is a medical condition, defined as the adhesion of the edges of the upper eyelid with the lower eyelid. Ankyloblepharon must be differentiated from blepharophimosis, in which palpebral aperture is reduced and there is telecanthus, but the eyelid margins are normal. Another condition similar to ankyloblepharon is symblepharon, in which the palpebral conjunctiva is attached to the bulbar conjunctiva. Recognition of ankyloblepharon necessitates systemic examination to detect associated abnormalities such as genitourinary and cardiac abnormalities and syndactyly.


    Presentation




    = Complication

    =
    The main complication of congenital ankyloblepharon is amblyopia. Timely separation of the eyelids is very important to avoid the development of occlusion amblyopia.


    Etiology


    Ankyloblepharon may be congenital or acquired. The most common type is congenital.
    Clinically, ankyloblepharon may be complete, partial, or interrupted. Complete ankyloblepharon is when the eyelids are fused throughout the lid margins. In the partial form, they are joined at one or more points. The interrupted form is also known as ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA).


    = Congenital ankyloblepharon

    =
    During fetal development, eyelid margins remain fused until the fifth gestational month, and may not be completely separated until the seventh month of gestation. Congenital ankyloblepharon occurs when the lid margins fail to separate at birth. The exact etiology of this condition is unknown. The currently accepted theory is that this condition is due to temporary epithelial arrest and rapid mesenchymal proliferation, allowing union of eyelids at abnormal positions.


    Systemic associations


    Congenital ankyloblepharon is seen in association with:

    Hay–Wells syndrome: Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal dysplasia-Clefting (AEC) syndrome also known as Hay-Wells syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft palate and/or cleft lip.
    Curly hair–ankyloblepharon–nail disease (CHAND) syndrome: it is a clinical variant of AEC syndrome. It is also known as Baughman syndrome.
    Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome): AFA may be seen in association with trisomy 18.
    Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS): Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, first described by Trelat in 1869. The clinical features of the syndrome are highly variable and show different combinations of anomalies like cleft palate, cleft lip, lower lip pits or sinuses, popliteal webbing, syndactyly, genitourinary anomalies, nail anomalies, syngnathia, ankyloblepharon, talipes, and digital reduction defects.


    = Acquired ankyloblepharon

    =
    Acquired ankyloblepharon may occur due to trauma or inflammatory conditions. It may be associated with symblepharon also. The following conditions cause ankyloblepharon:

    Chemical burns, thermal burns, or trauma to the eyes
    Cicatrising diseases such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or cicatricial ocular pemphigoid
    Inflammatory diseases such as herpes simplex infection or ulcerative blepharitis
    Trachoma
    Cicatricial conjunctivitis
    Mucous membrane pemphigoid: ocular form of mucous membrane pemphigoid may cause ankyloblepharon (4th stage of foster grading system).


    Treatment


    Lids should be separated by excision of adhesions between the lid margins and kept apart during the healing process. When adhesions extend to the angles, epithelial grafts should be given to prevent recurrences.


    History


    Ankyloblepharon was first described by von Anmmon in 1841. Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA), the interrupted form of Ankyloblepharon, was first described by Von Hasner in 1881.


    Etymology


    The word ankyloblepharon is derived from Greek ankylos (ἀγκύλος) 'bent, crooked, closed' and blepharon (βλέφαρον) 'eyelid'.


    See also


    Symblepharon
    Blepharophimosis


    References

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ankyloblepharon

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Ankyloblepharon - EyeWiki

Ankyloblepharon may be an isolated sporadic malformation or may be associated with other inherited conditions. It may be associated with central nervous system and/or cardiac anomalies, ectodermal syndromes, cleft lip and/or palate, popliteal …

Ankyloblepharon - Wikipedia

Ankyloblepharon is a medical condition, defined as the adhesion of the edges of the upper eyelid with the lower eyelid. Ankyloblepharon must be differentiated from blepharophimosis, in which palpebral aperture is reduced and there is telecanthus, but the eyelid margins are normal.

What is Ankyloblepharon? - News-Medical.net

Jun 10, 2023 · It refers to a condition in which the upper and lower eyelids are fused (or adherent) throughout their thickness by one or multiple connecting strands between the adjacent edges...

Ankyloblepharon - Understanding the Rare Eyelid Anomaly and …

Oct 18, 2023 · Understand ankyloblepharon, a rare congenital eyelid anomaly with eyelid fusion. Learn about its features, diagnosis, and management to ensure proper eyelid function and eye health.

Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum: Report of Two Cases

Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete adhesion of upper and lower eyelids, usually seen as an isolated finding but often associated with other anomalies or a well-defined syndrome.

Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum in a Newborn - PMC

Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) is a rare congenital anomaly, 12 consisting of a partial or complete fusion of the eyelid margins. Such condition is normal during the fetal life (eyelids normally remain fused until the 5th month of gestation), 3 but not after birth.

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is a form of ectodermal dysplasia, a group of about 180 conditions characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal tissues including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, eyes, ears, and sweat glands.

Congenital Eyelid Anomalies: What General Physicians Need To …

Jul 21, 2021 · Ankyloblepharon is the total or partial fusion of eyelids by webs of skin due to failure of the eyelid to separate completely during embryogenesis. When the adhesion is at the lateral canthus, it is called external ankyloblepharon.

Ankyloblepharon - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ankyloblepharon (ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum) is a rare defect, typically seen in isolation, characterized by a persistent connection between the ciliary edges of the upper and lower eyelid margins [46]. Ankyloblepharon does not usually affect vision, because the connections tend to be small, but larger connections may occur with partial ...

Ankyloblepharon | definition of ankyloblepharon by ... - Medical …

Partial or complete adhesion of the edge of one eyelid to that of the other. It may occasionally result from a cicatrizing lesion of the eyelid margins or following tarsorrhaphy. It may also be congenital in which case the eyelids are joined together by bands of tissue and this condition is called ankyblepharon filiform adnatum.