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An anorectic is a drug that reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. These substances work by affecting the central nervous system or certain neurotransmitters to create a feeling of fullness or reduce the desire to eat. The understanding of anorexiant effects is crucial in the development of interventions for weight management, eating disorders, and related health concerns. The anorexiant effect can be induced through diverse mechanisms, ranging from hormonal regulation to neural signaling. Ghrelin, leptin, and peptide YY are among the hormones involved in appetite control. Additionally, neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system contribute significantly to the regulation of food intake.
By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.
The term is (from the Greek ἀν- an- 'without' and ὄρεξις órexis 'appetite'), and such drugs are also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant.




History


Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts, such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine.
The German and Finnish militaries issued amphetamines (Pervitin) to soldiers commonly during the Second World War. Similarly, the UK military was supplied with more than 72 million Benzedrine tablets and the US military with an approximately equal amount for situations, in which fatigue was not deemed to be an acceptable option. Following the war, large amphetamine surpluses were redirected for use on the black and the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s because of safety issues. Many amphetamines produce side effects, including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension, making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.




Public health concerns


Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with pharmaceutical anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen). Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements in 2004. A Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals. It is also debatable as to whether the ephedrine ban had more to do with its use as a precursor in methamphetamine manufacture rather than health concerns with the ingredient as such.




= Non-pharmacological alternatives

=
Weight loss effects of water have been subject to some scientific research as a potential non-pharmacological approach. Drinking water prior to each meal may help in appetite suppression. Consumption of 500 mL (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) of water 30 minutes before meals has been correlated with modest weight loss (1–2 kg; 2.2–4.4 lb) in obese men and women over a period of 8 to 12 weeks.




= Refeeding syndrome

=

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphate. The electrolyte imbalance may cause neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic symptoms—many of which, if severe enough, may result in death.
Refeeding syndrome can occur when someone does not eat for several days at a time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food.
Individuals with drug abuse who begin to reintroduce normal eating habits after a period of malnutrition may be at increased risk for refeeding syndrome.




List of anorectics


Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.
The following drugs are listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:

Amfepramone (also known as diethylpropion)
Bupropion and naltrexone (combination)
Cathine
Clobenzorex
Dexfenfluramine† (the D-enantiomer of fenfluramine; withdrawn for the same reason as its racemate)
Ephedrine (combinations)
Etilamfetamine
Fenfluramine† (one of the two components [the other being phentermine] of Fen-phen. Since discontinued to its potential for causing valvulopathies and pulmonary hypertension)
Lorcaserin (withdrawn in the United States by the FDA due to an increased risk of cancer)
Mazindol
Mefenorex
Phentermine
Sibutramine† (in some countries withdrawn from the market because of concerns regarding its cardiovascular effects)
Topiramate
The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH, an index of medical journal articles and books.

Benfluorex (removed from the market by the EMA due to increased risk of heart disease)
Butenolide
Diethylpropion
FG-7142
Phenmetrazine† (withdrawn in some countries due to the danger of addiction)
Phentermine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
Sibutramine
Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:

Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is known to hamper appetite. Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is usually under the trade name "Adderall" or "Mydayis".
Amphetamine sulfate (also known as amfetamine) – US FDA-approved for the treatment of exogenous obesity under the brand name "Evekeo".
Methylphenidate
Cocaine
Caffeine
Glucomannan
Leptin
Lisdexamphetamine - US FDA approved for the treatment of binge-eating disorder in adults under the brand name "Vyvanse".
Methamphetamine hydrochloride – USFDA-approved for the treatment of obesity (as a short-term) under the brand name "Desoxyn".
Nicotine
Liraglutide as brand name Saxenda
Semaglutide (brand name Ozempic/Wegovy) GLP-1 agonist
Tirzepatide (Brand Name Mounjaro, Zepbound)
Metformin
Opiates/opioids such as heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, etc.




See also


Anti-obesity medication




References






External links


Anorectics at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Mitchell, Kari (January 1997). "Anorexiant Agents: Considerations for Use" (PDF). Drug Therapy Topics. University of Washington Medical Center. Retrieved 25 December 2013.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Reseptor serotonin
• Anorectic
• Anorexia nervosa
• Cyclazodone
• Vanitas: Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorectic
• Rimonabant
• Appetite stimulant
• Dexamyl
• Clobenzorex
• 5-HT receptor
• 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine

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Daftar Isi

• Anorexia nervosa - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
• Anorectic - Wikipedia
• List of Anorexiants - Drugs.com
• Anorexia Nervosa - Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Anorexia nervosa - Wikipedia
• Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment - HelpGuide.org
• Anorexia nervosa - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
• Eating disorders - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
• Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - WebMD
• Anorectic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

Anorexia nervosa - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Aug 9, 2024 · With proven treatment, people with anorexia can return to a healthy weight, develop more-balanced eating habits, and reverse some of anorexia's serious medical and mental health complications. The physical and behavioral symptoms of anorexia nervosa relate to how starvation affects the brain.

Anorectic - Wikipedia

An anorectic is a drug that reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. [1] These substances work by affecting the central nervous system or certain neurotransmitters to create a feeling of fullness or reduce the desire to eat.

List of Anorexiants - Drugs.com

Anorexiants are drugs that act on the brain to suppress appetite. They have a stimulant effect on the hypothalamic and limbic regions, which control satiety. Anorexiants are used as therapy for obesity.

Anorexia Nervosa - Johns Hopkins Medicine

With anorexia, you may use abnormal eating habits to cope with stress, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Limiting food may give you a sense of control over your life. Anorexia can affect people of all ages, racial and ethnic backgrounds, body weights, and genders. This problem affects more women than men. It often starts during the teen years.

Anorexia nervosa - Wikipedia

Anorexia nervosa (AN), often referred to simply as anorexia, [12] is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin. [1]

Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment - HelpGuide.org

Aug 21, 2024 · Are you or a loved one struggling with anorexia? Explore the warning signs, symptoms, and causes of this serious eating disorder—as well as how to get the help you need. What is anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

Aug 9, 2024 · It's best to treat anorexia nervosa using a team approach. The team includes doctors, mental health professionals and other healthcare professionals — all with experience in treating eating disorders. Here's a look at what's commonly involved in treatment. If your life is in danger now, you may need to be treated in a hospital emergency department.

Eating disorders - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Mar 28, 2023 · People with eating disorders can have all different body types and sizes. Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh), also called anorexia nervosa, can be a life-threatening eating disorder. It includes an unhealthy low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a view of weight and shape that is not realistic.

Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - WebMD

Apr 4, 2024 · Anorexia nervosa, also called anorexia, is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder that can affect people of all ages, genders, ethnic or racial groups, and body sizes …

Anorectic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

The meaning of ANORECTIC is lacking appetite. How to use anorectic in a sentence.