- Antibody opsonization
- Opsonin
- Antibody-dependent enhancement
- Immunoglobulin G
- Antibody
- Humoral immunity
- Immune complex
- Neutrophil
- Urticarial vasculitis
- Immunosuppressive drug
- Antibody opsonization - Wikipedia
- Opsonization: Process, Purpose, Effects & Examples - Cleveland Clinic
- Physiology, Opsonization - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
- 13.2A: Opsonization - Biology LibreTexts
- 22.4: Antigen-Antibody Interactions - Biology LibreTexts
- Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
- Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
- Antibody Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
- Antibody Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
- Opsonization – Definition, Mechanism, Types, Examples
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Antibody opsonization is a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis through coating of a target cell with antibodies. Immunoglobulins participate in molecular tagging of pathogens which display antigens recognised by their specific paratope. The binding of antibodies enhances pathogen identification and recruitment of immune effector cells, ultimately accelerating microbial clearance through phagocytic destruction or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Principles
Antibody-mediated opsonisation (marking) of pathogens depends on high affinity paratope-epitope interactions. Immunoglobulins are highly effective opsonins, with the IgG subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 being recognised as the most efficacious opsonins in humans.
Antibodies structurally contain two important domains
Fab domain - the region of the antibody which displays the paratope capable of binding to antigenic epitopes
Fc fragment - the 'tail' region of the Y-shaped immunoglobulin which provides a binding site for endogenous Fc receptors (FcRs) displayed on immune cell surfaces
This Fc domain allows antibodies to engage with various effector leukocytes, enhancing the detection and elimination of encountered pathogens. The interaction with leukocytes is largely driven by the predominant antibody isotype as well as the presence and concentration of immune cells recruited to the local environment. The resulting immune cell recruitment may result in phagocytosis if monocytes, macrophages, or neutrophils are the primary cells recruited, release of granzymes and other killing factors if NK cells or neutrophils are recruited, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in nearly all cases.
Recruitment and Clearance
= Antibody-stimulated Phagocytosis
=Mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils express FcRs that bind strongly to the Fc regions of particular antibody isotypes.
During a normal inflammatory response, microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) bind with phagocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), triggering sequential intracellular signalling cascades culminating in phagocytotic clearance. Co-expression of opsonin receptors such as FcRs enhances their ability to detect microbes which have been tagged by as pathogenic.
These interactions result in envelopment of the particle by the cytoplasmic membrane of the phagocytic cell, until the particle is contained in a membrane-bound vacuole (phagosome) within the cell. The pathogen is subsequently destroyed following intracellular vesicle fusion with lytic vessels.
= Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
=In antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the pathogen does not need to be internalised to be destroyed. ADCC requires an effector cell with the ability to eliminate pathogens through release of cytotoxic agents, most notably natural killer cells. However, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils are sometimes implicated.
During this process, the pathogen is opsonized and bound with the antibody IgG via its Fab domain. Cells with cyotoxic function (e.g. NK cells) expresses Fcγ receptors which recognize and bind to the reciprocal Fc portion of an antibody. This receptor conjugation triggers degranulation and release of cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes to kill antibody-sensitized target cells.
References
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Antibody opsonization - Wikipedia
Antibody Opsonization Of Influenza Photograph by Juan Gaertner
Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
Opsonization - Enhancing Immune Defense through Precision Targeting
Opsonization Diagram | Quizlet
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Antibody Opsonization
antibody opsonization
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Antibody opsonization - Wikipedia
Antibody opsonization is a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis through coating of a target cell with antibodies. Immunoglobulins participate in molecular tagging of pathogens which display antigens recognised by their specific paratope.
Opsonization: Process, Purpose, Effects & Examples - Cleveland Clinic
Apr 26, 2024 · Opsonization is a process that helps your immune system identify and destroy cells or germs (pathogens). Antibodies and complement proteins are common opsonins.
Physiology, Opsonization - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
May 1, 2023 · Opsonization is an antimicrobial technique to kill and stop the spread of disease. Opsonization of a pathogen can occur by antibodies or the complement system. Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system and are produced by plasma cells in …
13.2A: Opsonization - Biology LibreTexts
Aug 31, 2023 · Opsonization, or enhanced attachment, refers to the antibody molecules IgG and IgE, the complement proteins C3b and C4b, and other opsonins attaching antigens to phagocytes. The Fab portions of the antibody IgG react with epitopes of the antigen.
22.4: Antigen-Antibody Interactions - Biology LibreTexts
Jan 22, 2025 · Different classes of antibody play important roles in the body’s defense against pathogens. These functions include neutralization of pathogens, opsonization for phagocytosis, agglutination, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
May 9, 2021 · The mechanism of opsonization is employed by antibodies in order to inhibit and clear infection. Antibody-mediated opsonization by antibodies involves the coating of pathogens with antibodies so that they are recognized and phagocytosed by innate immune cells.
Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The process of coating pathogens with antibodies to promote their phagocytosis is called opsonization, and substances that perform this function, including antibodies and complement proteins, are called opsonins. Opsonization enhances the ability of phagocytes to clear pathogens and is an essential part of the immune response against infections.
Antibody Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
This mechanism is critical for protection against bacterial toxins and also pathogens such as viruses. Another mechanism by which antibodies can response to pathogens is known as “opsonization.” By opsonization, antibodies enable phagocytes for ingesting and destroying the extracellular bacterium.
Antibody Opsonization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
During opsonization, antibodies bind to bacterial surface antigens facilitating their phagocytosis by macrophages. In addition, macrophages may process and present protein antigens to specific T cells during a primary immune response.
Opsonization – Definition, Mechanism, Types, Examples
Apr 10, 2024 · Antibody-mediated opsonization is a critical mechanism employed by antibodies to inhibit and clear infections. In this process, antibodies coat pathogens, enabling their recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells.