- Zona afotik
- Aphotic zone
- Photic zone
- Fluorescence
- Benthic zone
- Demersal zone
- Marine snow
- Abyssal plain
- Hadal zone
- Bathypelagic zone
- Ocean
- Aphotic zone - Wikipedia
- Aphotic zone | oceanography | Britannica
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- Aphotic Zone - Encyclopedia.com
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- Photic Zone vs. Aphotic Zone: What's the Difference?
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The aphotic zone (aphotic from Greek prefix ἀ- + φῶς "without light") is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1 percent of sunlight penetrates. Above the aphotic zone is the photic zone, which consists of the euphotic zone and the disphotic zone. The euphotic zone is the layer of water in which there is enough light for net photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone, also known as the twilight zone, is the layer of water with enough light for predators to see but not enough for the rate of photosynthesis to be greater than the rate of respiration.
The depth at which less than one percent of sunlight reaches begins the aphotic zone. While most of the ocean's biomass lives in the photic zone, the majority of the ocean's water lies in the aphotic zone. Bioluminescence is more abundant than sunlight in this zone. Most food in this zone comes from dead organisms sinking to the bottom of the lake or ocean from overlying waters.
The depth of the aphotic zone can be greatly affected by such things as turbidity and the season of the year. The aphotic zone underlies the photic zone, which is that portion of a lake or ocean directly affected by sunlight.
The Dark Ocean
In the ocean, the aphotic zone is sometimes referred to as the dark ocean. Depending on how it is defined, the aphotic zone of the ocean begins between depths of about 200 m (660 ft) to 800 m (2,600 ft) and extends to the ocean floor. The majority of the ocean is aphotic, with the average depth of the sea being 4,267 m (13,999 ft) deep; the deepest part of the sea, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, is about 11,000 m (36,000 ft) deep. The depth at which the aphotic zone begins in the ocean depends on many factors. In clear, tropical water sunlight can penetrate deeper and so the aphotic zone starts at greater depths. Around the poles, the angle of the sunlight means it does not penetrate as deeply so the aphotic zone is shallower. If the water is turbid, suspended material can block light from penetrating, resulting in a shallower aphotic zone. Temperatures can range from roughly 0 °C (32 °F) to 6 °C (43 °F).
The aphotic zone is further divided into the mesopelagic, bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones. The mesopelagic zone extends from 200 metres (656 ft) to 2,000 metres (6,562 ft). The bathyal zone extends from 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) to 4,000 metres (13,123 ft). The abyssal zone extends from 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) or 6,500 metres (21,325 ft), depending on the authority. The hadal zone refers to the greatest depths, deeper than the abyssal zone. Some twilight occurs in the mesopelagic zone, but creatures below the mesopelagic must be able to live in complete darkness.
Life in the aphotic zone
Though photosynthesis cannot occur in the aphotic zone, it is not unusual to find an abundance of phytoplankton there. Convective mixing due to cooling surface water sinking can increase the concentration of phytoplankton in the aphotic zone and lead to under-estimations of primary production in the euphotic zone during convective mixing events.
Unusual and unique creatures dwell in this expanse of pitch black water, such as the gulper eel, giant squid, anglerfish, and vampire squid. Some life in the aphotic zone does not rely on sunlight at all. Benthic communities around methane seeps rely on methane-oxidizing microorganisms to supply energy to other microorganisms.
In some rare cases, bacteria use chemical energy sources such as sulfides and methane. Many of the animals in the aphotic zone are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their light. Bioluminescence can be used both for navigation and luring small animals into their jaws. An excellent example of this is the angler fish, as it has a light lure protruding in front of its mouth from a unique appendage on its head which provides navigation and as bait for smaller animals.
Some animals can cross between the photic and aphotic zones in search of food. For example, the sperm whale and the southern elephant seal occasionally hunt in the aphotic zone despite the water pressure squashing their bodies; however, not fatally.
Aphotic zone migration
After sunset, millions of organisms swarm up from the depths to feed on the microorganisms floating in the warm epipelagic zone. Many copepods and invertebrate larvae come up to shallower waters to eat the phytoplankton, which attracts many predators like squid, hatchetfish, and lantern fish. The migration of the many bioluminescent animals is visible to the naked eye. This nightly vertical migration is the largest (in terms of the number of animals) on our planet.
See also
Abyssal zone
Benthic zone
Hadal zone
Pelagic zone
Photic zone
References
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Aphotic zone - Wikipedia
The aphotic zone (aphotic from Greek prefix ἀ-+ φῶς "without light") is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1 percent of sunlight penetrates.
Aphotic zone | oceanography | Britannica
In the aphotic zone, also called the tropholytic zone, the consumption of energy exceeds its production. The zones are demarcated by a plane of compensation at which primary production and consumption are equivalent.
How far does light travel in the ocean? - NOAA's National Ocean Service
The aphotic zone is further subdivided into the bathypelagic zone (or midnight zone) between 1,000 and 4,000 meters, the abyssopelagic (or the abyss) between 4,000 and 6,000 meters, and the hadopelagic zone (or hadal zone) 6,000 meters and deeper.
Aphotic Zone - Encyclopedia.com
May 14, 2018 · aphotic zone (disphotic zone) A deep-water area of marine ecosystems below the depth of effective light penetration (the compensation level), analogous to the pro-fundal zone in freshwater ecosystems.
Aphotic Zone vs. Photic Zone - What's the Difference? - This vs.
The aphotic zone, also known as the midnight zone or the abyssal zone, is the region of the ocean where sunlight cannot penetrate. It begins below the photic zone, typically around 200 meters (656 feet) deep, and extends to the ocean floor.
Aphotic zone - (General Biology I) - Vocab, Definition ... - Fiveable
The aphotic zone is the layer of a body of water where sunlight does not penetrate, typically found at depths below approximately 200 meters in the ocean. This zone is characterized by complete darkness, extreme pressure, and cold temperatures, creating a unique environment where photosynthesis cannot occur, leading to a distinct ecosystem that ...
Interesting Facts About the Aphotic (Midnight) Zone of the Ocean
Depending on the penetration of sunlight, the open ocean or pelagic zone is divided into two parts: the photic or euphotic zone and the aphotic zone. Unlike the photic zone, which receives direct sunlight, the aphotic zone receives little or no sunlight at all.
Aphotic Zone - (AP Environmental Science) - Fiveable
The aphotic zone refers to the deeper layer of a body of water that receives little to no sunlight. It is characterized by darkness and low levels of dissolved oxygen.
Aphotic zone - Zones of the Ocean
The Aphotic zone is all of the layers beneath the photic zone, so it starts as deep as 200 m and extends to the ocean floor. This zone is defined as not reachable by sunlight, so there is very little or no light penetration at all. Temperatures can range roughly from 32- 43 degrees F.
Photic Zone vs. Aphotic Zone: What's the Difference?
Feb 5, 2024 · The photic zone is the upper layer of a body of water that is illuminated by sunlight, supporting photosynthesis, while the aphotic zone is the deeper, darker layer where sunlight does not penetrate, preventing photosynthesis.