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      An appeal to nature is a rhetorical technique for presenting and proposing the argument that "a thing is good because it is 'natural', or bad because it is 'unnatural'." In debate and discussion, an appeal-to-nature argument can be considered to be a bad argument, because the implicit primary premise "What is natural is good" has no factual meaning beyond rhetoric in some or most contexts.


      Forms


      The following is a construction of the Appeal to Nature argument:

      In some contexts, the use of the terms of "nature" and "natural" can be vague, leading to unintended associations with other concepts. The word "natural" can also be a loaded term – much like the word "normal", in some contexts, it can carry an implicit value judgement. An appeal to nature would thus beg the question, because the conclusion is entailed by the premise.
      Opinions differ regarding appeal to nature in rational argument. By some more permissive views, it can sometimes be taken as a helpful rule of thumb in certain limited domains, even if it admits some exceptions. When such a principle is applied as a rule of thumb, natural facts are presumed to provide reliable value judgments regarding what is good, barring evidence to the contrary, and likewise for unnatural facts providing reliable value judgments regarding what is bad. Within a limited domain, treating a rule of thumb such as "all else being equal, you should generally try to eat natural foods" as if it is an exceptionless principle can sometimes involve a fallacy of accident.
      Julian Baggini explains the standard view of what makes this a fallacy as follows: "Even if we can agree that some things are natural and some are not, what follows from this? The answer is: nothing. There is no factual reason to suppose that what is natural is good (or at least better) and what is unnatural is bad (or at least worse)."


      History



      The meaning and importance of various understandings and concepts of "nature" has been a persistent topic of discussion historically in both science and philosophy. In Ancient Greece, "the laws of nature were regarded not [simply] as generalized descriptions of what actually happens in the natural world… but rather as norms that people ought to follow… Thus the appeal to nature tended to mean an appeal to the nature of man treated as a source for norms of conduct. To Greeks this… represented a conscious probing and exploration into an area wherein, according to their whole tradition of thought, lay the true source for norms of conduct."
      In modern times, philosophers have challenged the notion that human beings' status as natural beings should determine or dictate their normative being. For example, Rousseau famously suggested that "We do not know what our nature permits us to be." More recently, Nikolas Kompridis has applied Rousseau's axiom to debates about genetic intervention (or other kinds of intervention) into the biological basis of human life, writing:

      [T]here is a domain of human freedom not dictated by our biological nature, but [this] is somewhat unnerving because it leaves uncomfortably open what kind of beings human beings could become… Put another way: What are we prepared to permit our nature to be? And on what basis should we give our permission?
      Kompridis writes that the naturalistic view of living things, articulated by one scientist as that of "machines whose components are biochemicals" (Rodney Brooks), threatens to make a single normative understanding of human being the only possible understanding. He writes, "When we regard ourselves as 'machines whose components are biochemicals,' we not only presume to know what our nature permits us to be, but also that this knowledge permits us to answer the question of what is to become of us… This is not a question we were meant to answer, but, rather, a question to which we must remain answerable."


      Examples



      Some popular examples of the appeal to nature can be found on labels and advertisements for food, clothing, alternative herbal remedies, and many other areas. Labels may use the phrase "all-natural", to imply that products are environmentally friendly and safe. However, whether or not a product is "natural" is irrelevant, in itself, in determining its safety or effectiveness. For example, many dangerous poisons are compounds that are found in nature.
      It is also common practice for medicine to be brought up as an appeal to nature, stating that medicine is "unnatural" and therefore should not be used. This is particularly notable as an argument employed against the practice of vaccination.
      On the topic of meat consumption, philosopher Peter Singer argues that it is fallacious to say that eating meat is morally acceptable simply because it is part of the "natural way", as the way that humans and other animals do behave naturally has no bearing on how we should behave. Thus, Singer claims, the moral permissibility or impermissibility of eating meat must be assessed on its own merits, not by appealing to what is "natural".


      See also




      Notes




      References




      External links


      Nature, Human Nature, and Biotechnology
      Appeal to Nature
      Dietary Supplements: How To Know What Is Safe American Cancer Society: §The "Natural Is Safe" or "Natural Is Better" Myth (Archived from the original 18 April 2008)
      Thomas Hobbes A Brief of the Art of Rhetorick Chap. XI Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine "Of the Colours, or Common Opinions concerning Pleasure." Chap. XVI Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine "Of Proofs Inartificial."

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    Appeal to Nature by Liam O

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    Why is "appeal to nature" a fallacy? - Philosophy Stack Exchange

    Jan 21, 2023 · As Conifold and the wiki article on appeal to nature say. The problem isn't so much that it's a fallacy, the problem is that the sentence: everything that is natural is good. has 2 terms of major importance that are hard to coherently define at the same time. That being: nature and good. Like nature is very very very ... very varied.

    Is deriving natural rights from nature a logical fallacy?

    Jan 7, 2016 · The fallacy "appeal to nature" is by all accounts an informal fallacy. This creates two problems. First, while often used, it's not perfectly clear what the fallacy means. On some level, we all agree that it's the illicit appeal to nature to resolve a dispute that doesn't belong to nature, but the question is what makes an appeal licit or illicit.

    What is, and isn't the appeal to emotion logical fallacy?

    Jan 10, 2018 · Maybe an example for the appeal to emotion fallacy would that the theory of evolution has to be rejected unless you want to accept that humans are mere monkeys. Hoping nobody wants to feel the feelings that go along with this statement (assume shame and humiliation for the sake of the argument), the fallacy tries to coerce an audience into ...

    Is/should "appeal to scientificity" be considered a fallacy?

    Aug 5, 2018 · Although, I do find the OP's wording quite intriguing, as it shades a different light on scientism, looking at it as a fallacy, like looking at naturalism as fallacy (although indeed as you say both statements would be wrong - neither scientism nor naturalism can be stated as fallacies, but it's interesting to look at them like that, comparing ...

    hume - Why can't uniformity of nature (in principle) be proven ...

    Oct 20, 2017 · The conformity of Nature to laws in the local world we know may not extend to all of existence but this in itself would not mean it is not uniform. It may be uniform in a deeper way, So I'd say the Nature is bound to be uniform in that it must obey the laws of Nature at all times, and if the local laws vary this would not mean that Nature is ...

    What is going on with Russell's "beauty cold and austere" of ...

    Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty — a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show.

    Isn't an appeal to emotions in fact necessary to validate our …

    Aug 14, 2024 · No, that's silly. While one may need to appeal to emotions to justify several moral positions, the logical fallacy of "appealing to emotions" must still be avoided in an argument. Not every appeal to emotions is a logical fallacy. The logical fallacy obviously happens where emotions are used in an invalid way.

    Are qualia an illusion? - Philosophy Stack Exchange

    Jan 1, 2025 · If you get rid of qualia, what is the nature of the illusion you speak of? You can't appeal to how it appears to you because that would be qualia, and we are trying to say they don't exist. However, the qualia that make up the contents of your consciousness can be veridical or not, and in that sense they can be illusory.

    What will be the moral and social consequences of knowing that …

    Aug 11, 2024 · This view may be argued for in various ways: by appeal to logical laws and metaphysical necessities; by appeal to the existence and nature of God; by appeal to causal determinism. When argued for in the first way, it is commonly called “Logical fatalism” (or, in some cases, “Metaphysical fatalism”); when argued for in the second way, it ...

    Is natural theology pseudo-science, according to some …

    Nov 19, 2024 · From Wikipedia:. Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science, the project of arguing for the existence of God on the basis of observed natural facts, and through natural phenomena viewed as divine, or …