application binary interface

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      In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) is an interface between two binary program modules. Often, one of these modules is a library or operating system facility, and the other is a program that is being run by a user.
      An ABI defines how data structures or computational routines are accessed in machine code, which is a low-level, hardware-dependent format. In contrast, an application programming interface (API) defines this access in source code, which is a relatively high-level, hardware-independent, often human-readable format. A common aspect of an ABI is the calling convention, which determines how data is provided as input to, or read as output from, computational routines. Examples of this are the x86 calling conventions.
      Adhering to an ABI (which may or may not be officially standardized) is usually the job of a compiler, operating system, or library author. However, an application programmer may have to deal with an ABI directly when writing a program in a mix of programming languages, or even compiling a program written in the same language with different compilers.


      Description


      Details covered by an ABI include the following:

      Processor instruction set, with details like register file structure, stack organization, memory access types, etc.
      Sizes, layouts, and alignments of basic data types that the processor can directly access
      Calling convention, which controls how the arguments of functions are passed, and return values retrieved; for example, it controls the following:
      Whether all parameters are passed on the stack, or some are passed in registers
      Which registers are used for which function parameters
      Whether the first function parameter passed on the stack is pushed first or last
      Whether the caller or callee is responsible for cleaning up the stack after the function call
      How an application should make system calls to the operating system, and if the ABI specifies direct system calls rather than procedure calls to system call stubs, the system call numbers
      In the case of a complete operating system ABI, the binary format of object files, program libraries, etc.


      Complete ABIs


      A complete ABI, such as the Intel Binary Compatibility Standard (iBCS), allows a program from one operating system supporting that ABI to run without modifications on any other such system, provided that necessary shared libraries are present, and similar prerequisites are fulfilled.
      ABIs can also standardize details such as the C++ name mangling, exception propagation, and calling convention between compilers on the same platform, but do not require cross-platform compatibility.


      Embedded ABIs


      An embedded-application binary interface (EABI) specifies standard conventions for file formats, data types, register usage, stack frame organization, and function parameter passing of an embedded software program, for use with an embedded operating system.
      Compilers that support the EABI create object code that is compatible with code generated by other such compilers, allowing developers to link libraries generated with one compiler with object code generated with another compiler. Developers writing their own assembly language code may also interface with assembly generated by a compliant compiler.
      EABIs are designed to optimize for performance within the limited resources of an embedded system. Therefore, EABIs omit most abstractions that are made between kernel and user code in complex operating systems. For example, dynamic linking may be avoided to allow smaller executables and faster loading, fixed register usage allows more compact stacks and kernel calls, and running the application in privileged mode allows direct access to custom hardware operation without the indirection of calling a device driver. The choice of EABI can affect performance.
      Widely used EABIs include PowerPC, Arm EABI and MIPS EABI. Specific software implementations like the C library may impose additional limitations to form more concrete ABIs; one example is the GNU OABI and EABI for ARM, both of which are subsets of the ARM EABI .


      See also




      References




      External links


      Policies/Binary Compatibility Issues With C++ – a compendium of development rules of thumb for not breaking binary compatibility between library releases
      OS X ABI Function Call Guide
      Debian ARM EABI port
      μClib: Motorola 8/16-bit embedded ABI
      AMD64 (x86-64) Application Binary Interface at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-05-28)
      Application Binary Interface (ABI) for the ARM Architecture
      MIPS EABI documentation
      Sun Studio 10 Compilers and the AMD64 ABI at the Wayback Machine (archived 2015-01-14) – a summary and comparison of some popular ABIs
      M•CORE Applications Binary Interface Standards Manual for the Freescale M·CORE processors

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    architecture - Understanding Application binary interface (ABI ...

    I am trying to understand the concept of Application binary interface (ABI). From The Linux Kernel Primer:. An ABI is a set of conventions that allows a linker to combine separately compiled modules into one unit without recompilation, such as calling conventions, machine interface, and operating-system interface.

    c++ - Application plugin interface design - Software Engineering …

    May 28, 2024 · one is the application binary interface, since you need a way to dynamically link the symbols. Every OS provides some means to do that, for example windows DLLs. With C++ you have in addition name mangeling that transforms names and make them difficultly available in a symbol resolution mechanism, which forces to restrict such binding to extern ...

    C++ : Lack of Standardization at the Binary Level

    The problem described in the quotation is caused by the quite deliberate avoidance of standardisation of symbol-name mangling schemes (I think "standardisation at the binary level" is a misleading phrase in this respect although the issue is …

    operating systems - Software Engineering Stack Exchange

    I think you are reading too much into the diagram. Yes, an OS will specify a binary interface for how operating system functions are called, and it will also define a file format for executables, but it will also provide an API, in the sense of providing a catalog of functions that can be called by an application to invoke OS services.

    Why do we need a format for binary executable files

    May 28, 2014 · When binary files (i.e. executables) are saved they usually have a format (e.g. ELF or .out) where we have a header containing pointers to where data or code is stored inside the file. But why don't we store the binary files directly in the form of sequence of machine instructions. Why do we need to store data separately from the code?

    Interface design - Software Engineering Stack Exchange

    In these cases, interface stability becomes more important than ever before, because an interface change may not simply break compatibility with existing source code, but with existing binaries for products (ex: third party commercial plugins) outside of your team's control. In such cases, a function like this: void (*some_function)(int x, int y);

    Are (C) object files created with different compilers binary …

    Apr 11, 2014 · Every platform provides a dynamic linking ABI (Application Binary Interface) and any program in any language that can conform to that ABI is compatible. Therefore it is generally possible to build a DLL (on Windows) with MSVC (or something else) and call it from a program compiled by a different version of MSVC or by GCC and vice versa.

    Why does C provide language 'bindings' where C++ falls short?

    May 4, 2015 · The lack of a standard ABI (application binary interface) has another consequence - it makes shipping C++ interfaces to other teams / customers impractical since the user code won't work unless it's compiled with the same tools and build options.

    Can I include a GPL v3 binary with my proprietary application if I ...

    Mar 18, 2018 · The application uses a GPL v3 licensed binary/library. Since I don't want to distribute the source of my application and also want to provide convenience to my users, instead of supplying the GPL v3 library with my application bundle, can I provide a URL link at installation time which the user clicks to download the necessary GPL v3 library to ...

    C language portability - Software Engineering Stack Exchange

    May 16, 2011 · My mention of ABI (Application Binary Interface) and call conventions may still be relevant (a third item to add to "architecture and operating system"). They aren't hardware relevant, except in that ABIs tend to be designed for particular architectures (e.g. available registers), but they are relevant to binary portability.