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Auricle (anatomy) GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna (Latin for 'wing' or 'fin', pl.: pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology.
Structure
The diagram shows the shape and location of most of these components:
antihelix forms a 'Y' shape where the upper parts are:
Superior crus (to the left of the fossa triangularis in the diagram)
Inferior crus (to the right of the fossa triangularis in the diagram)
Antitragus is below the tragus
Aperture is the entrance to the ear canal
Auricular sulcus is the depression behind the ear next to the head
Concha is the hollow next to the ear canal
Conchal angle is the angle that the back of the concha makes with the side of the head
Crus of the helix is just above the tragus
Cymba conchae is the narrowest end of the concha
External auditory meatus is the ear canal
Fossa triangularis is the depression in the fork of the antihelix
Helix is the folded over outside edge of the ear
Incisura anterior auris, or intertragic incisure, or intertragal notch, is the space between the tragus and antitragus
Lobe (lobule)
Scapha, the depression or groove between the helix and the anthelix
Tragus
= Development
=
The developing auricle is first noticeable around the sixth week of gestation in the human fetus, developing from the auricular hillocks, which are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. These hillocks develop into the folds of the auricle and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. En route accessory auricles (also known as preauricular tags) may be left behind. The first three hillocks are derived from the 1st branchial arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. Cutaneous sensation to these areas is via the trigeminal nerve, the attendant nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The final three hillocks are derived from the second branchial arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and lobule, respectively. These portions of the ear are supplied by the cervical plexus and a small portion by the facial nerve. This explains why vesicles are classically seen on the auricle in herpes infections of the facial nerve (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II).
The auricle's functions are to collect sound and transform it into directional and other information. The auricle collects sound and, like a funnel, amplifies the sound and directs it to the auditory canal. The filtering effect of the human pinnae preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech.
= Amplification and modulation
=
Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.
Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others who work in loud environments) which fit snugly in the concha have been studied by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in the U.K.
= Notch of pinna
=
Due to its anatomy, the pinna largely eliminates a small segment of the frequency spectrum; this band is called the pinna notch. The pinna works differently for low and high frequency sounds. For low frequencies, it behaves similarly to a reflector dish, directing sounds toward the ear canal. For high frequencies, however, its value is thought to be more sophisticated. While some of the sounds that enter the ear travel directly to the canal, others reflect off the contours of the pinna first: these enter the ear canal after a very slight delay. This delay causes phase cancellation, virtually eliminating the frequency component whose wave period is twice the delay period. Neighboring frequencies also drop significantly. In the affected frequency band – the pinna notch – the pinna creates a band-stop or notch filtering effect. This filter typically affects sounds around 10 kHz, though it can affect any frequencies from 6 – 16 kHz. It also is directionally dependent, affecting sounds coming from above more than those coming from straight ahead. This aids in vertical sound localization.
Functions
In animals, the function of the pinna is to collect sound, and perform spectral transformations to incoming sounds which enable the process of vertical localization to take place. It collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process, as well as frequency dependent amplitude modulation which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat.
Clinical significance
There are various visible ear abnormalities:
traumatic injury
infection
wart, mole, birthmark
scars, including keloids
cyst
skin tag
sunburn, frostbite
pressure ulcer, often from a poorly fitting hearing aid
anotia, absent pinna
microtia, underdeveloped pinna
cryptotia, a pinna covered beneath the skin of the scalp
Stahl's deformity, pointed pinna due to an extra fold of cartilage
cupped or constricted ear deformity, a hooded superior helix
preauricular pit
preauricular tag
Darwin's tubercle, protuberance on the anterior helix
hypertrichosis, including hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita, a hairy pinna
cauliflower ear, post-traumatic cartilage deformity
tophus, nodule on the pinna related to gout
chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (Winkler's nodule), a nodule initiated by solar damage
actinic keratosis and cutaneous horn, premalignant lesions caused by solar damage
benign and malignant neoplasm, including tumors, keratoacanthoma, carcinoma
In other species
Visible pinnae are a common trait in therian mammals, placentals and marsupials, but are poorly developed or absent in monotremes. Marine mammals usually have either reduced pinnae or no pinnae due to sound travelling differently in water than in air, as well as the fact that auricles would potentially slow them down in the water. Skin impressions show large, mouse-like pinnae in Spinolestes.
External pinnae are absent in other tetrapod groups such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds.
Additional images
See also
Earrings for pierced ears
Auriculotherapy
References
External links
drtbalu otolaryngology online
Media related to Auricles (anatomy) at Wikimedia Commons
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Auricle (anatomy) - Wikipedia
The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna (Latin for 'wing' or 'fin', pl.: pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology.
The External Ear - Structure - Function - TeachMeAnatomy
Aug 16, 2020 · This article will focus on the anatomy of the external ear – its structure, neurovascular supply and clinical correlations. The external ear can be divided functionally and structurally into two parts; the auricle (or pinna), and the external acoustic meatus – which ends at the tympanic membrane.
Auricle - Structure, Location, Function, Diagram, Anatomy
Jan 22, 2025 · The auricle, also known as the pinna, is the external, visible part of the ear. It is composed primarily of elastic cartilage covered by skin, giving it a flexible yet durable structure. The auricle plays a role in shaping the external ear’s contour and is involved in directing sound waves into the ear canal. It
Ear anatomy: Parts and functions - Kenhub
Nov 3, 2023 · The auricle, also known as pinna, is a wrinkly musculocutaneous tissue that is attached to the skull and it functions to capture sound. The auricle is mostly made up of cartilage that is covered with skin. There are two aspects of the …
Outer ear: Anatomy, blood supply, innervation | Kenhub
Nov 24, 2022 · There is a cartilaginous portion, known as the pinna or auricle and a bony, tubular segment called the external acoustic meatus. The former portion of the auditory system is the first point at which sound wave modification begins.
Ear Anatomy – Outer Ear - Outer Ear | McGovern Medical School
The medical term for the outer ear is the auricle or pinna. The outer ear is made up of cartilage and skin. There are three different parts to the outer ear; the tragus, helix and the lobule.
External ear | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Jul 20, 2024 · The external ear (or outer ear) comprises the auricle (or pinna), the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane ("eardrum"). The auricle concentrates and amplifies sound waves and funnels them through the outer acoustic pore into the external auditory meatus to the tympanic membrane.
Auricle | Outer Ear, Hearing & Soundwaves | Britannica
Auricle, in human anatomy, the visible portion of the external ear, and the point of difference between the human ear and that of other mammals. The auricle in humans is almost rudimentary and generally immobile and lies close to the side of the head.
Auricle | Encyclopedia | Anatomy.app | Learn anatomy | 3D …
The auricle (or pinna, pinna of ear, auricle of ear, auricula, latin: auricula) is the external, visible component of the ear around the outer opening of the ear canal. The auricle is musculocutaneous tissues attached to the skull.
Auricle - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS
The auricle (or pinna) is the elastic cartilaginous part of the external ear which projects outwards from the side of the head and is covered over by skin. The auricle is connected inwards to the external acoustic meatus or canal that leads to the tympanic membrane.The cartilaginous framework of the auricle molds to create various patterns of ...
