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Bikaner State was the Princely State in the north-western most part of the Rajputana province of imperial British India from 1465 to 1947. The founder of the state Rao Bika was a younger son of Rao Jodha ruler of and founder of the city of Jodhpur in Marwar. Rao Bika chose to establish his own kingdom instead of inheriting his father's. Bika defeated the Jat clans of Jangladesh which today refers to the north and north-western Rajasthan along with his uncle Rao Kandhal and his adviser Vikramji Rajpurohit and founded his own kingdom. Its capital was the city of Bikaner.
The state was noted for the Bikaner style of Miniature Painting.
Covering a vast area of 60,391 km2 (23,317 sq mi)Bikaner State was the second largest state under the Rajputana Agency after Jodhpur State with a revenue of Rs.26,00,000 in the year 1901. Heeding the 1947 call of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to integrate the princely states into the new independent India, Bikaner's last ruler, Maharaja Sadul Singh, advised by his dewan K. M. Panikkar a respected historian was one of the first rulers of a princely state to display willingness to join the Indian Union. By issuing a public appeal in April 1947 to his fellow princes to join the Constituent Assembly of India the Maharaja of Bikaner set an example for other heads of the native states to follow.
History
The state of Bikaner was founded in 1465. It became a British protectorate on 9 March 1818. They were accorded a 17 gun salute by the British authorities. Around the time of Indian Independence and the partition of India, the territory of the state of Bikaner came to share a border with Pakistan. The accession to the Indian Union was signed by the Maharaja on 7 August 1947.
Rulers
The rulers belong to the Rathore Rajputs of the Suryavanshi lineage or of Solar descent representing a third junior branch of the parent ruling family of Jodhpur, the second being Idar yet Bikaner was placed second on the basis of area, wealth and power by the colonial British India.
= Rao/Raja's
=1465 – 1504: Rao Bika
1504 – 1505: Rao Nar Singh (Naro)
1505 – 1526: Rao Lunkaran
1526 – 1542: Rao Jait Singh
1542 – 1571: Rao Kalyan Mal (acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar)
1571 – 1612: Rao / Raja Rai Singh (Important General in the Mughal army. Given title of "Raja". From 1585 to 1594 he was employed in the Deccan by Emperor Akbar where he was Subedar of Burhanpur)
1612 – 1613: Raja Dalpat (Sur Singh revolted against his elder brother Dalpat and killed him along with his guards with the consent of Emperor Jahangir)
1613 – 1631: Raja Sur Singh
1631 – 1667: Raja Karan Singh(deposed by Aurangzeb and exiled to Karanapura in the Deccan)
1667 – 1669: Interregnum
= Maharajas
=1669 – 1698 Maharaja Anup Singh (First to be granted title of "Maharaja" by Emperor Aurangzeb)
19 Jun 1698 – 15 December 1700: Maharaja Swarup Singh (b. 1689 – d. 1700)
15 Dec 1700 – 16 December 1735: Maharaja Sujan Singh (b. 1690 – d. 1735)
16 Dec 1735 – 15 May 1746: Maharaja Zorawar Singh (b. 1713 – d. 1746)
15 May 1746 – 25 March 1787: Maharaja Gaj Singh (b. 1723 – d. 1787)
25 Mar 1787 – 25 April 1787: Maharaja Raj Singh (b. 1744 – d. 1787)
25 Apr 1787 – 9 October 1787: Maharaja Pratap Singh (b. 1781 – d. 1787)
25 Apr 1787 – 25 March 1828: Maharaja Surat Singh (Regent to 9 October 1787) (b. 1766 – d. 1828)
25 Mar 1828 – 7 August 1851: Maharajadhiraj Shri Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Ratan Singh (b. 1790 – d. 1851)
7 August 1851 – 16 May 1872: Maharajadhiraj Shri Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sardar Singh (b. 1818 – d. 1872)
16 May 1872 – 19 August 1887: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir Dungar Singh (b. 1854 – d. 1887)
19 Aug 1887 – 2 February 1943: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur (b. 1880 – d. 1943) (from 24 July 1901, Sir Ganga Singh)
19 Aug 1887 – 16 December 1898: the British Political Agents-Regent
2 February 1943 – 15 August 1950: HH Shri Maharajadhiraj Narendra Shiromani Maharaja Sir Sadul Singh (b. 1902 – d. 1950) (since 1 January 1946, he was addressed as Sir Sadul Singh)
= Titular Rulers
=1950 – 1971: Maharaja Karni Singh (Privy purses were withdrawn in 1971 and post & titles were also withdrawn)
1988 – 2003: Maharaja Narendra Singh Bahadur
2003 – 2022: Maharaja Raviraj Singh Bahadur
2022 – present: Vacant
Dewans
The Dewans and Chief Ministers of the state were:
1460–1465: Bothra Bachhraj (Mantri-Dewan / Jodhpur) / Rao Jodha
1465–1505: Bothra Bachhraj (Founding Dewan / Bikaner) / Rao Bika
1504–1526: Karam Singh Bothra Bachhawat (Descendants of Bachhraj were known as Bachhawats) / Rao Nar Singh and Rao Lunkaran
1526–1535: Var Singh Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Jait Singh
1535–1542: Nagraj Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Jait Singh and Rao Kalyan Mal
1542–1571: Sangram Singh Bothra Bachhawat / Rao Kalyan Mal
1571–1591: Mehta Karam Chand bothra Bachhawat (Title of Mehta granted by Emperor Akbar) / Rao Kalyan Mal and Raja Rai Singh
1619–1620: Mehta Bhag Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
1619–1620: Mehta Lakshmi Chand Bothra Bachhawat / Raja Sur Singh
17.. – 26 February 1733: Anand Ram Khawas (d. 1733)
1735 – Feb 1751: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (1st time) (b. 1707 – d. 1779)
Feb 1751 – 1752: Amar Singh Chaturbhujani
1752 – 1756: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
1756 – Dec 1757: Mohata Prithvi Singh
1757 – 1762: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (3rd time) (s.a.)
1762 – Sep 1765: Shah Mool Chand Bardiya
Sep 1765 – 1779: Mohata Bakhtawar Singh (4th time) (s.a.)
1779 – 178.: Mohata Swaroop Singh
178. – 1787: Mohata Thakursi
1787 – 1791: Mohata Madho Rai
1791 – 1794: Pratap Mal Baid
1794 – 1805: Mohata Rao Sahib Singh Gun Roop
Apr 1805 – Apr 1815: Amar Chand Surana
Apr 1815 – Feb 1816: Mohata Bhom ji
Feb 1816 – 1828: Abhai Singh Mohta
1828 – 184.: Hindu Mal Baid
c. 1841: Sri Narayan Singh Bhati
1844 – 1852?: Sarana Shri Lakshmichand
1852 – 1853: Guman Singh Baid (1st time)
1853 – 1853: Leeladhar Mohata + Jalam Chand Kochar
1853 – 1854: Lachhi Ram Rakhecha
1854 – 1856: Guman Singh Baid (2nd time)
1856: Pandit Dojainant
1856 – 1863: Ram Lal Dwarkani (1st time)
1864 – 1865: Guman Singh Baid (3rd time)
1865 – 1866: Ram Lal Dwarkani (2nd time)
1866: Man Mal Rakhecha
1866 (3 months): Sheo Lal Nahata
1867 (15 days): Fateh Chand Surana
1867: Ganga Ram Purohit
1867: Shah Mal Kochar
1868: Man Mal Rakhecha
1868: Sheo Lal Mohata
1868: Lakshmi Chand Nahata
Jun 1868 – Aug 1869: Visayat Hussain
Aug 1869 – 13 December 1873: Pandit Manphool
Dec 1873 – 188.: Maharaj Lal Singh
188. – 1884?: Maharao Hari Singh Baid
1884 – 11 October 1888: Amin Muhammad
12 Dec 1888 – 1896: Sodhi Hukam Singh
1896 – 1898: Raghubar Singh Chauhan
1898 – 1903: Hamidu Zafar Khan
1903 – 1916: Post abolished
Chief ministers
1916 – 19..: Shri Bhairon Singh
7 September 1920 – Jan 1925: Prince Kunwar Sardul Singh (s.a.)
Dewans
The post of Dewan was reinstated in 1927.
1927 – 1934: Manubhai Nandshankar Mehta (b. 1868 – d. 1946)
3 October 1932 – 31 October 1934: Ram Prasad Dube (acting)
1 November 1934 – Jan 1936: Maharaj Shri Bhairun Singh
Jan 1936 – Dec 1936: Thakur Sadul Singh
Dec 1936 – 1938?: V.N. Mehta
Dec 1938 – Jul 1939: Kailash Narain Haksar (b. 1878 – d. 1954)
Jul 1939 – 1944?: Sire Mal Bapna (b. 1882 – d. 1964)
1944 – 13 March 1948: Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (b. 1895 – d. 1963)
14 March 1948 – Oct 1948: Kanwar Jaswant Singh
Oct 1948 – 30 March 1949: C. S. Venkatachar (b. 1899 – d. 1999)
= Family tree of the rulers of Bikaner
=Orders of chivalry
The Royal House of Bikaner awards two dynastic orders, the Order of the Star of Honour and the Order of Vikram Star. Maharaja Ganga Singh established the Order of the Star of Honour in six grades in order to "mark his golden jubilee on the throne". The Order of the Vikram Star was established in 1944 by Maharaja Sadul Singh of Bikaner in five grades "to recognize services to the state." The first grade (Grand Commander) includes a cordon with jewel, along with a breast star. The breast star features "Twelve alternate petals of gold and silver overlapping and radiating from a central motif showing the Goddess Karni blessing Rao Bikaji who is standing with lance in hand next to his horse." A red enamelled diamond in the center of the breast star, which is surrounded by a wreath, contains the inscription in the Devanagari script Shri Karni Aasisadi Bikatothirraj (Blessing by Karni Mati for his Perpetual Rule).
See also
Mughal Empire
Maratha Empire
Rajputana
History of Bikaner
Political integration of India
83 (Bikaner) Field Battery
Rajputana Chronicles: Guns and Glories – The thousand-year story of the Bachhawat clan
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bikanir". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Media related to Bikaner State at Wikimedia Commons
Beny, Roland; Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984). Rajasthan – Land of Kings. London: Frederick Muller. p. 200 pages. ISBN 0-584-95061-6.
Crump, Vivien; Toh, Irene (1996). Rajasthan (hardback). London: Everyman Guides. p. 400 pages. ISBN 1-85715-887-3.
Martinelli, Antonio; Michell, George (2005). The Palaces of Rajasthan. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 271 pages. ISBN 978-0-7112-2505-3.
Tod, James. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Volume II (With a Preface by Douglas Sladen). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 54, Jhansi Road, New Delhi-1100055.
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