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      The blunderbuss is a 17th- to mid-19th-century firearm with a short, large caliber barrel which is commonly flared at the muzzle, to help aid in the loading of shot and other projectiles of relevant quantity or caliber. The blunderbuss is commonly considered to be an early predecessor of the modern shotgun, with similar military usage. It was effective only at short range, lacking accuracy at long distances. A blunderbuss in handgun form was called a dragon, and it is from this that the term dragoon evolved.


      Etymology



      The term "blunderbuss" is of Dutch origin, from the Dutch word donderbus, which is a combination of donder, meaning "thunder", and bus, meaning "container, tin" (Middle Dutch: busse, box, jar, from Latin buxus, box tree).
      The transition from donder to blunder is thought by some to be deliberate; the term blunder was originally used in a transitive sense, synonymous with to confuse, and this is thought to describe the stunningly loud report of the large-bore, short-barreled blunderbuss. The term dragon is taken from the fact that early versions were decorated with a carving in the form of a mythic dragon's head around the muzzle; the muzzle blast would then give the impression of a fire-breathing dragon.


      Design and use



      The flared muzzle is the defining feature of the blunderbuss, differentiating it from large caliber carbines; the distinction between the blunderbuss and the musketoon is less distinct, as musketoons were also used to fire shot, and some had flared barrels. The muzzle (and often the bore) was flared with the intent not only to increase the spread of the shot, but also to funnel powder and shot into the weapon, making it easier to reload on horseback or on a moving carriage; modern experiments corroborated the dramatic improvement in shot spread, going from a 530-millimetre-spread (21-inch) diameter from a straight barrel to an average of 970 mm (38 in) spread at 9 metres (10 yards).
      Blunderbusses were typically short, with barrels under 60 centimetres (2 ft) in length, at a time when a typical musket barrel was over 90 cm (3 ft) long. One source, describing arms from the early to middle 17th century, lists the barrel length of a wheel lock dragon at around 28 cm (11 in), compared to a 41 cm (16 in) length for a blunderbuss.
      The blunderbuss could be considered an early type of shotgun and served in many similar roles. Though some old accounts may list the blunderbuss as being loaded with various scrap iron, rocks, or wood, which might well result in damage to the bore of the gun, it was typically loaded with a number of lead balls smaller than the bore diameter. Barrels were made of steel or brass.

      The blunderbuss, and especially the dragon, was typically issued to troops such as cavalry, who needed a lightweight, easily handled firearm. The dragon became so associated with cavalry and mounted infantry that the term dragoon became synonymous with mounted infantry. In addition to the cavalry, the blunderbuss found a use for other duties in which the shotgun-like qualities were desirable, such as for guarding prisoners or defending a mail coach, and its use for urban combat was also recognized. Blunderbusses were also commonly carried by officers on naval warships, by privateers and by pirates for use in close-quarters boarding actions. The Portuguese Marines used it widely in the 17th century. Many types of ammunition, including gravel and sand, could be shot in a pinch, but most of the time they were shot using traditional lead balls.
      The blunderbuss used by the British Royal Mail during the period of 1788–1816 was a flintlock with a 36 cm (14 in) long flared brass barrel, brass trigger guard, and an iron trigger and lock. A typical British mail coach would have a single postal employee on board, armed with a blunderbuss and a pair of pistols to guard the mail from highwaymen. One 18th century coaching blunderbuss in another British collection had a brass barrel 43 cm (17 in) long, flaring to 51 mm (2 in) at the muzzle; it was also provided with a spring-loaded bayonet, which was held along the barrel by a catch and would spring forward into place when released. Spring-loaded bayonet blunderbusses were also used by the Nottingham City Police after its formation around 1840.
      While the blunderbuss is often associated with the Plymouth Colony Pilgrims of 1620, evidence suggests that the blunderbuss was relatively scarce in the American colonies. After the Battle of Lexington in 1775, British General Thomas Gage occupied Boston, Massachusetts, and upon negotiating with the town committee, Gage agreed to let the inhabitants of Boston leave town with their families and effects if they surrendered all arms. While most of the residents of Boston stayed, those who left under the agreement surrendered 1,778 long arms, 634 pistols, 273 bayonets, and only 38 blunderbusses. The blunderbuss did still have its civilian applications, however; the Lewis and Clark Expedition carried a number of blunderbusses, some of which were mounted and used as small swivel guns on the pirogues.
      Crude tripwire activated blunderbusses, known as alarm guns, spring guns and cemetery guns, were set up in graveyards and country estates to scare away poachers and resurrection men, and to alert the gamekeeper or sexton to their presence.
      By the middle of the 19th century, the blunderbuss was replaced for military use by the carbine, but still found use by civilians as a defensive firearm.


      History



      Early 17th century: The blunderbuss emerges in Europe, likely originating from the Netherlands. Its name derives from the Dutch "donderbus", meaning "thunder gun".
      Mid 17th century: The blunderbuss becomes more widely used in Europe, particularly in England. It is adopted by both military forces and civilians for its effectiveness in close-quarters combat and self-defense.
      Late 17th century: The blunderbuss is increasingly used by naval forces, including the British Royal Navy, for boarding actions and ship defense.
      Early 18th century: The blunderbuss reaches peak popularity. Its intimidating appearance and powerful shot make it a preferred weapon for stagecoach drivers, travelers, and home defense.
      Early 19th century: The decline of the blunderbuss begins. Advances in firearm technology, such as the development of rifled barrels and more accurate long guns, reduce its prevalence.


      In popular culture


      In the Spanish TV series the outlaw Curro Jimenez use one of this as main gun against the napoleonic troops.
      A bandit uses one in the beginning of Once Upon a Time in the West.
      In Donald Duck comics and especially those by Carl Barks, Scrooge McDuck often uses an old-fashioned blunderbuss with a funnel-shaped muzzle from his days in the Klondike Gold Rush to fend off the IRS and travelling salesmen, as well as the Beagle Boys and Magica DeSpell.
      In the 1991 film Beauty and the Beast, the main antagonist Gaston uses a blunderbuss for hunting.
      In the 2000 video game American McGee's Alice, Alice's blunderbuss is a secret weapon which can only be found in two hidden locations and is the most powerful weapon in the game.
      In the 2012 film Looper, Loopers carry a modern version of a blunderbuss. Loopers, whose job is to execute bound prisoners at close range, use a blunderbuss: "Because it's impossible to hit anything further than 15 yards (14 m)," and "Impossible to miss anything closer."
      In an addon for the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption called Undead Nightmare the protagonist John Marston received a Blunderbuss and his initial reaction was: "A blunderbuss? What is this, 1850?", pointing out the gun's antiquity, because the Blunderbuss was discarded in the mid 1800s while the game takes place in 1911.
      In the video game Bloodborne, the blunderbuss is available as one of the initially available firearms.
      In the video game BioShock Infinite, the blunderbuss is available as a weapon in the game's downloadable content.
      In the video game Call of Duty Black Ops II, the blunderbuss is available as a weapon in the Zombies game mode DLC map: Mob of the Dead.
      In the video game Saint's Row IV It appears as a skin for the pump action shotgun.
      In the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, the blunderbuss is a purchasable pistol, which uses the same ammo as the flintlock and other pistols, noticeably ignoring the popular shotgun analogy.
      In the video game Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, the blunderbuss is a weapon available in Supply Drops for use in Mutliplayer.
      In the video game Warhammer: End Times – Vermintide, the blunderbuss is a ranged weapon available to the Empire Soldier, Markus Kruber.
      In the web series, RWBY, Professor Peter Port uses a blunderbuss that has axe blades attached to the stock.


      See also



      Coach gun
      Combat shotgun
      Musketoon
      Riot shotgun
      Sawed-off shotgun


      References

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    Blunderbuss (Character) - Comic Vine

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    can you help to identify a blunderbuss | The Firearms Forum

    Feb 8, 2014 · If Stoeger offered these guns it's likely there were some made in blunderbuss form for whatever clientele. I have had several wheel lock pistols that dated from mid 1800s made …

    Need Help Identifying A Blunderbuss - The Firearms Forum

    Sep 18, 2022 · The hammer is French and a fair copy of the military hammers used during the Napoleonic wars and this would not normally be found on a blunderbuss. If this blunderbuss …

    18TH CENTURY FLINTLOCK BLUNDERBUSS - The Firearms …

    Apr 12, 2012 · Edited to add. The muzzle is oval and that is also a common feature of 'blunderbuss" pistols of that general era. The idea was to spread a shot pattern to encompass …

    Trying to identify a blunderbuss - The Firearms Forum

    Mar 12, 2016 · Wonderfull blunderbuss also called tromblon. The ELG over star in an oval is the Belgian proof mark for the time 1810 to 1893, the mark under i,l seems it's proofed 1825 or …

    English blunderbuss - The Firearms Forum

    May 24, 2017 · He dated the blunderbuss at around 1768. His one concern from the pictures was the temporary repair of the butt plate. The butt plate should be of a rather heavy cast and held …

    Blunderbuss or blunderbust? - The Firearms Forum

    Aug 8, 2012 · Contrary to common belief, the blunderbuss would never have been used (except in a dire emergency) with loose scrap, stones, or the like. It was loaded with lead balls, just like a …

    Help with 1790 VOC Flintlock Blunderbuss pistol

    Dec 31, 2010 · The peice is older than the 1790 date the one peice wall and lock shroud shows that , i think its been a one off maker , barrel unknown but have seen brass alloyed with steel …

    Flintlock Blunderbuss help - The Firearms Forum

    Jul 9, 2021 · Typical spread of a blunderbuss was between 3 and 3.5' at 10 yards. While not a claymore mine certainly more than a shotgun firing buckshot by at least a factor of three. If you …

    It's a Blunderbuss ... but what do I have here?

    Aug 30, 2011 · Breechloading, pinfire, small blunderbuss with a cannon turned muzzle possibly Belgium manufacture. With the back action lock, interesting lock up, I'd guess mid 19th …

    Pirate Blunderbuss - The Firearms Forum

    Nov 22, 2010 · The usual "blunderbuss" has a barrel that flares in a more gradual curve; this muzzle looks like it was added, like a variable choke. So-called blunderbusses were used by …