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      The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to "decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently", introduced by the Gang of Four. The bridge uses encapsulation, aggregation, and can use inheritance to separate responsibilities into different classes.
      When a class varies often, the features of object-oriented programming become very useful because changes to a program's code can be made easily with minimal prior knowledge about the program. The bridge pattern is useful when both the class and what it does vary often. The class itself can be thought of as the abstraction and what the class can do as the implementation. The bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstraction.
      When there is only one fixed implementation, this pattern is known as the Pimpl idiom in the C++ world.
      The bridge pattern is often confused with the adapter pattern, and is often implemented using the object adapter pattern; e.g., in the Java code below.
      Variant: The implementation can be decoupled even more by deferring the presence of the implementation to the point where the abstraction is utilized.


      Overview


      The Bridge design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known GoF design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.
      What problems can the Bridge design pattern solve?

      An abstraction and its implementation should be defined and extended independently from each other.
      A compile-time binding between an abstraction and its implementation should be avoided so that an implementation can be selected at run-time.
      When using subclassing, different subclasses implement an abstract class in different ways. But an implementation is bound to the abstraction at compile-time and cannot be changed at run-time.
      What solution does the Bridge design pattern describe?

      Separate an abstraction (Abstraction) from its implementation (Implementor) by putting them in separate class hierarchies.
      Implement the Abstraction in terms of (by delegating to) an Implementor object.
      This enables to configure an Abstraction with an Implementor object at run-time.

      See also the Unified Modeling Language class and sequence diagram below.


      Structure




      = UML class and sequence diagram

      =

      In the above Unified Modeling Language class diagram, an abstraction (Abstraction) is not implemented as usual in a single inheritance hierarchy.
      Instead, there is one hierarchy for
      an abstraction (Abstraction) and a separate hierarchy for its implementation (Implementor), which makes the two independent from each other.
      The Abstraction interface (operation()) is implemented in terms of (by delegating to)
      the Implementor interface (imp.operationImp()).

      The UML sequence diagram
      shows the run-time interactions: The Abstraction1 object delegates implementation to the Implementor1 object (by calling operationImp() on Implementor1),
      which performs the operation and returns to Abstraction1.


      = Class diagram

      =

      Abstraction (abstract class)
      defines the abstract interface
      maintains the Implementor reference.
      RefinedAbstraction (normal class)
      extends the interface defined by Abstraction
      Implementor (interface)
      defines the interface for implementation classes
      ConcreteImplementor (normal class)
      implements the Implementor interface


      Example




      = C#

      =
      Bridge pattern compose objects in tree structure. It decouples abstraction from implementation. Here abstraction represents the client from which the objects will be called. An example implemented in C# is given below

      The Bridge classes are the Implementation that uses the same interface-oriented architecture to create objects. On the other hand, the abstraction takes an instance of the implementation class and runs its method. Thus, they are completely decoupled from one another.


      = Crystal

      =

      Output

      API1.circle at 1.0:2.0 - radius: 3.075
      API2.circle at 5.0:7.0 - radius: 11.275


      = C++

      =

      Output:

      API01.circle at 1.000000:2.000000 - radius: 3.075000
      API02.circle at 5.000000:7.000000 - radius: 11.275000


      = Java

      =
      The following Java program defines a bank account that separates the account operations from the logging of these operations.

      It will output:

      info: withdraw 75 result true
      warning: withdraw 10 result true
      warning: withdraw 100 result false


      = PHP

      =

      Output:

      API1.circle at 1:3 radius 17.5
      API2.circle at 5:7 radius 27.5


      = Scala

      =


      = Python

      =


      See also


      Adapter pattern
      Strategy pattern
      Template method pattern


      References




      External links



      Bridge in UML and in LePUS3 (a formal modelling language)
      C# Design Patterns: The Bridge Pattern. 2002-12-20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) From: James W. Cooper (2003). C# Design Patterns: A Tutorial. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-84453-2.

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    Design Patterns - Bridge Pattern | PDF | Class (Computer Programming ...

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    Bridge Pattern: Decoupling Abstraction and Implementation

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    Bridge Design Pattern: Structural Patterns | Main Funda

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    GitHub - YuktaS14/Bridge-Design-Pattern

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    Bridge Pattern Explained – Patterns Gallery

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    What is Bridge Design Pattern? - Java Code Gists

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