cage questionnaire

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      The CAGE questionnaire, the name of which is an acronym of its four questions, is a widely used screening test for problem drinking and potential alcohol problems. The questionnaire takes less than one minute to administer, and is often used in primary care or other general settings as a quick screening tool rather than as an in-depth interview for those who have alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire does not have a specific intended population, and is meant to find those who drink excessively and need treatment. The CAGE questionnaire is reliable and valid; however, it is not valid for diagnosis of other substance use disorders, although somewhat modified versions of the CAGE questionnaire have been frequently implemented for such a purpose.


      Overview


      The CAGE questionnaire asks the following questions:

      Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?
      Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
      Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?
      Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
      Two "yes" responses indicate that the possibility of alcoholism should be investigated further.
      The CAGE questionnaire, among other methods, has been extensively validated for use in identifying alcoholism. CAGE is considered a validated screening technique with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. It has been validated via receiver operating characteristic analysis, establishing its ability to screen for problem drinking behaviors.


      History


      The CAGE questionnaire was developed in 1968 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital to combat the paucity of screening measures to detect problem drinking behaviors. The original study, conducted in a general hospital population where 130 patients were randomly selected to partake in an in-depth interview, successfully isolated four questions that make up the questionnaire today due to their ability to detect the sixteen alcoholics from the rest of the patients.


      Reliability


      Reliability refers to whether the scores are reproducible. Not all of the different types of reliability apply to the way that the CAGE is typically used. Internal consistency (whether all of the items measure the same construct) is not usually reported in studies of the CAGE; nor is inter-rater reliability (which would measure how similar peoples' responses were if the interviews were repeated again, or different raters listened to the same interview).


      Validity


      Validity describes the evidence that an assessment tool measures what it was supposed to measure. There are many different ways of checking validity. For screening measures such as the CAGE, diagnostic accuracy and discriminative validity are probably the most useful ways of looking at validity.

      *Table from Youngstrom et al., extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category


      Limitations


      The CAGE is designed as a self-report questionnaire. It is obvious to the person what the questions are about. Because talking about drinking behavior can be uncomfortable or stigmatized, people's responses may be subject to social desirability bias. The honesty and accuracy of responses may improve if the person trusts the person doing the interview or interpreting the score. Responses also may be more honest when the form is completed online, on a computer, or in other anonymous formats.


      = Alternatives

      =
      Some alternatives to the CAGE include:


      See also


      CRAFFT Screening Test
      List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
      Paddington Alcohol Test
      Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire
      Substance abuse


      References




      External links


      Online version of the CAGE questionnaire
      AACAP practice parameters for assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders

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    CAGE Questionnaire (4 Questions to Screen for Alcoholism)

    What is the CAGE Assessment? The CAGE questionnaire is a 4-question screening tool that clinicians may use to help in the diagnosis of alcoholism. CAGE is an acronym for the focus of the questions. C – Cutting Down; A – Annoyance by Criticism; G – Guilty Feeling; E – Eye-openers; How Should I Use the CAGE Assessment?

    CAGE Questions for Alcohol Use - MDCalc

    The CAGE Questions for Alcohol Use screen for excessive drinking and alcoholism.

    CAGE Substance Abuse Screening Tool - Johns Hopkins …

    Have you ever had a drink or used drugs first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)? Scoring: Item responses on the CAGE questions are scored 0 for "no" and 1 for "yes" answers, with a higher score being an indication of alcohol problems.

    CAGE questionnaire - Wikipedia

    The CAGE questionnaire, the name of which is an acronym of its four questions, is a widely used screening test for problem drinking and potential alcohol problems.

    CAGE Questionnaire - United States Preventive Services …

    University of North Carolina at Cahpel Hill, CAGE is an internationally used assessment instrument for identifying alcoholics. It is particularly popular with primary care givers. CAGE has been translated into several languages. The CAGE questions can be used in the clinical setting using informal phrasing. It has been

    CAGE Questionnaire: Purpose, Questions, and Next Steps

    Oct 5, 2024 · The CAGE questionnaire is a four-question test used to assess alcohol misuse and dependency. Learn how your doctor can help you make a plan after the test.

    The CAGE Questionnaire – Alcohol - HealthPartners

    The CAGE Questionnaire for alcohol: • Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking? • Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? • Have you felt bad or guilty about your drinking? • Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)? Copyright © 2004

    CAGE Assessment: A Questionnaire for Substance Abuse - WebMD

    Jul 10, 2023 · The CAGE Assessment is a questionnaire for substance abuse. Learn about the types of questions, how to recognize substance abuse, treatment options, and more.

    What Is the CAGE Questionnaire? - Healthline

    Mar 7, 2018 · The CAGE questionnaire is a simple test that checks for signs of alcohol dependence. Learn what the four questions are and why they’re so effective.

    The CAGE Questionnaire A Screening Test for Alcohol Use …

    The CAGE Questionnaire – A Screening Test for Alcohol Use Disorders . This simple 4-question self-test may help you become aware of your use or abuse of alcohol. This test specifically focuses on alcohol use, and not on the use of other drugs. For each question, please fill …