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    Caledonii (bahasa Latin: Caledones; bahasa Yunani: Καληδῶνες, Kalēdōnes) adalah konfederasi suku kuno yang menuturkan bahasa Britonik (Keltik) di wilayah yang sekarang merupakan Skotlandia pada Zaman Besi dan era Romawi.
    Bentuk dalam bahasa Yunani dari nama suku ini menjadi asal nama Caledonia, nama untuk menyebut wilayah suku ini. Caledonii juga dianggap sebagai salah satu bagian dari Briton, namun kemudian, setelah penaklukan bagian selatan Pulau Britania Raya oleh Romawi, penduduk di utara dibedakan sebagai Pikt. Dengan demikian, Caledonii merupakan salah satu musuh Kekaisaran Romawi, negara yang pada waktu itu memerintah dan menguasai sebagian besar Pulau Britania Raya sebagai provinsi Britannia.
    Caledonii, seperti kebanyakan suku-suku Kelt di Britania Raya, adalah suku yang membangun benteng bukit dan mempraktikkan pertanian, mereka pernah mengalahkan dan dikalahkan oleh Romawi dalam beberapa perang. Bangsa Romawi tidak pernah sepenuhnya menduduki Kaledonia, meskipun beberapa upaya telah dilakukan. Hampir semua informasi yang tersedia tentang Caledonii didasarkan pada sumber-sumber yang didominasi Romawi, yang mungkin menunjukkan bias sejarah.
    Peter Salway berasumsi bahwa Caledonii adalah suku-suku Pikt yang berbicara dalam bahasa yang berkerabat dekat dengan bahasa Britonik Umum, atau merupakan salah satu dialeknya ditambah dengan perlawanan dari pejuang Briton yang merupakan buronan kabur dari provinsi Britannia. Namun, hal ini dibantah oleh fakta, bahwa menurut buku "Life of Saint Columba", utusan Irlandia membutuhkan penerjemah untuk berbicara dengan raja Pikt atau mengasimilasi individu tertentu dalam kerajaan mereka. Caledonii, yang setelah itu dinamai Konfederasi Kaledonia, mungkin telah bergabung dalam konflik dengan Romawi oleh suku-suku di Skotlandia tengah utara pada saat ini, seperti Vacomagi, Taexali, dan Venicones, yang dicatat Ptolemaeus. Bangsa Romawi mencapai kesepakatan dengan suku Briton, seperti Votadini sebagai negara penyangga yang efektif.


    Referensi




    Daftar pustaka


    Cunliffe, B, Iron Age Britain, Batsford, London, 2004, ISBN 0-7134-8839-5
    Frere, S, Britannia, Routledge, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1
    Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05133-X
    Salway, P, Roman Britain, OUP, Oxford, 1986
    Todd, M, Roman Britain, Fontana, London, 1985. ISBN 0-00-686064-8


    Pranala luar


    The Scotsman - Mons Graupius, where the Romans defeated the Caledonii
    Famous Scots - Galgacus
    Historic UK - Romans in Scotland
    History Scotland Magazine

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caledonii

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Caledonians - Wikipedia

The Caledonians (/ ˌ k æ l ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ən z /; Latin: Caledones or Caledonii; Ancient Greek: Καληδῶνες, Kalēdōnes) or the Caledonian Confederacy were a Brittonic-speaking tribal confederacy in what is now Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman eras.

Caledonia - Wikipedia

Caledonia (/ ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə /; Latin: Calēdonia [kaleːˈdonia]) was the Latin name used by the Roman Empire to refer to the part of Scotland that lies north of the River Forth, which includes most of the land area of Scotland. [1] . Today, it is used as …

Romans in Britain - The Caledonii Tribe

The Caledonians were enemies of the Roman Empire, which was the occupying force then administering most of Great Britain as the Roman province called Britannia.

Caledonians and Picts - two different peoples? - History Forum

Jan 9, 2010 · Until the late 3rd Century, the Romans knew the various warrior tribes living in what is now Scotland as Caledonii. These people fought the great Battle of Mons Graupius with Cn. Julius Agricola, made raids on Britannia throughout the 2nd Century, and were the subject of a bitterly waged campaign led by Septimius Severus 208 - 211 AD.

Caledonia | Britain, Map, & History | Britannica

Caledonia, historical area of north Britain beyond Roman control, roughly corresponding to modern Scotland. It was inhabited by the tribe of Caledones (Calidones). The Romans first invaded the district under Agricola about 80 ce and later won a decisive battle at Mons Graupius.

Ancient History in depth: Native Tribes of Britain - BBC

The Romans used the word Caledones to describe both a single tribe who lived in the Great Glen between the modern towns of Inverness and Fort William. They also called all the tribes living in...

Caledonii | Encyclopedia.com

Caledonii. The people of the Scottish Highlands. For a people on the very fringes of the known world, the Caledonians make an appearance in the works of a surprising number of Roman writers including Lucan, Martial, Ptolemy, Dio Cassius, and several lesser authors.

Cultures | Caledonians - History Archive

Peoples of Northern Britain according to Ptolemy's 2nd-century GeographyThe Caledonians (Latin: Caledones or Caledonii; Greek: Καληδώνες, Kalēdōnes) or the Caledonian Confederacy were a group of indigenous peoples of what is now Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman eras.

Who were the Caledonians? - History Forum

Nov 8, 2010 · The Caledonii were first described by Pliny Major circa 77 CE (some Greek sources of Ptolemy may have used the term even earlier) for the natives of the modern SW coast of Scotland. It possibly came from the Welsh root celydd …

Roman Caledonia – The Failed Invasion - HeritageDaily

Apr 10, 2019 · In the summer of 84AD, an army of 30,000 Caledonian warriors faced off against the 20,000 strong Roman invasion force led by General Gnaeus Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius. According to the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus, 10,000 Caledonian lives were lost at the cost of only a fanciful 360 Roman auxiliary troops.