Capsule (pharmacy) GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:
Hard-shelled capsules, which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization. These are made in two-halves: a smaller-diameter "body" that is filled and then sealed using a larger-diameter "cap".
Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.
Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents, such as animal protein (mainly gelatin) or plant polysaccharides or their derivatives (such as carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose). Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.
Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet", a portmanteau of "capsule-shaped tablet", to tie this positive association to more efficiently produced tablet pills, as well as being an easier-to-swallow shape than the usual disk-shaped tablet medication.
Single-piece gel encapsulation ("soft capsules")
In 1833, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron molds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is no longer produced commercially. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R. P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation used a rotary die to produce the capsules. They were then filled by blow molding. This method was high-yield, consistent, and reduced waste.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase the solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form, such as a tablet. Softgels are also highly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the dose is <100 μg), where the highly reproducible filling process helps ensure each softgel has the same drug content, and because the operators are not exposed to any drug dust during the manufacturing process.
In 1949, the Lederle Laboratories division of the American Cyanamid Company developed the "Accogel" process, allowing powders to be accurately filled into soft gelatin capsules.
Two-piece gel encapsulation ("hard capsules")
James Murdoch of London patented the two-piece telescoping gelatin capsule in 1847. The capsules are made in two parts by dipping metal pins in the gelling agent solution. The capsules are supplied as closed units to the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Before use, the two halves are separated, and the capsule is filled with powder or more normally pellets made by the process of extrusion and spheronization (either by placing a compressed slug of powder into one half of the capsule or by filling one half of the capsule with loose powder) and the other half of the capsule is pressed on. With the compressed slug method, weight varies less between capsules. However, the machinery required to manufacture them is more complex.
The powder or spheroids inside the capsule contains the active ingredients and any excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, fillers, glidant, and preservatives.
Manufacturing materials
Gelatin capsules, informally called gel caps or gelcaps, are composed of gelatin manufactured from the collagen of animal skin or bone.
Vegetable capsules, introduced in 1989, are made from cellulose, a structural component in plants. The main ingredient of vegetarian capsules is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. In the 21st century, gelatin capsules are more broadly used than vegetarian capsules because the cost of production is lower.
Manufacturing equipment
The process of encapsulation of hard gelatin capsules can be done on manual, semi-automatic, and automatic capsule filling machines. Hard gelatin capsules are manufactured by the dipping method which is dipping, rotation, drying, stripping, trimming, and joining. Softgels are filled at the same time as they are produced and sealed on the rotary die of a fully automatic machine. Capsule fill weight is a critical attribute in encapsulation and various real-time fill weight monitoring techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and vibrational spectroscopy are used, as well as in-line weight checks, to ensure product quality.
Volume is measured to the full line, which is customary to the top of the smaller-diameter body half. After capping, some ullage volume (airspace) remains in the finished capsule.
Standard sizes of two-piece capsules
See also
Capsule endoscopy
OROS
Pharmacy Automation - The Tablet Counter
Pharmaceutical formulation
Pill splitting
Tablet
Oblaat
References
L. Lachman; H.A. Lieberman; J.L. Kanig (1986). The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (Third ed.). Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8121-0977-5.
US Patent 8728521, Hemant N. Joshi, issued May 20, 2014
US Patent 9884024, Hemant N. Joshi, issued February 6, 2018
US Patent 10357461, Hemant N. Joshi, issued July 23, 2019
Sant, Harshada (April 2018). ""Joshi Capsules" US patent numbers – 8728521 and 9884024". American Pharmaceutical Review: 60.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
capsule pharmacycapsule pharmacy definitioncapsule pharmacy nyccapsule pharmacy calgarycapsule pharmacy addresscapsule pharmacy stirlingcapsule pharmacy reviewscapsule pharmacy adderallcapsule pharmacy delivery jobscapsule pharmacy miami
Capsule Pharmacy | Experience a New Kind of Pharmacy | Get Medicine ...
Capsule Pharmacy | Experience a New Kind of Pharmacy | Get Medicine ...
Capsule (pharmacy) - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
Capsule Pharmacy - Medical Offices of Manhattan
Digital Pharmacy Capsule Launches in NYC, Reinvents Corner Pharmacy ...
Capsule Pharmacy Generic Pharmacy
Capsule - The Online Pharmacy You Need to Try! - lighttravelsfaster
Capsule - The Online Pharmacy You Need to Try! - lighttravelsfaster
Capsule - The Online Pharmacy You Need to Try! - lighttravelsfaster
Capsule Online Pharmacy - Truth in Advertising
Capsule Pharmacy :: Behance
Capsule Pharmacy :: Behance
Search Resultscapsule pharmacy
Daftar Isi
- Capsule | The smarter, simpler, kinder pharmacy
- Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
- Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
- CAPSULE - Updated February 2025 - 44 Photos & 340 Reviews - Yelp
- Free same-day prescription delivery with Capsule
- CAPSULE PHARMACY - 122 West 146th Street, New York, NY
- Capsule Pharmacy in New York, New York - Pharmacy Address …
- Capsule Pharmacy Review: Nothing Easier Than This Modern Pharmacy …
- Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
- Capsule Pharmacy - 20 W 36th St - Cybo
Capsule | The smarter, simpler, kinder pharmacy
Capsule is the pharmacy that delivers your prescriptions, the same day, for free—all from your phone.
Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
The pharmacy that comes to you. We deliver your medication whenever you need it. Capsule is always free and your copay will not change.
Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
Prescriptions delivered the same day. Your insurance accepted. Pharmacists who text. For free.
CAPSULE - Updated February 2025 - 44 Photos & 340 Reviews - Yelp
We're a faster, kinder, smarter pharmacy that hand delivers your medication anywhere in NYC. Text (212) 675-3900 or ask your doctor to e-prescribe to Capsule to get started. …
Free same-day prescription delivery with Capsule
Capsule safely delivers patients’ medications same-day for free anywhere in NYC; Capsule accepts all major insurance plans, so patients just pay their copay; Patients can manage all their medications and refills directly from their phone; Patients can call, text, or chat with a pharmacist anytime at (212) 675-3900
CAPSULE PHARMACY - 122 West 146th Street, New York, NY
Get pharmacy contact info, hours, services, directions and prescription savings up to 88% with RxLess at CAPSULE PHARMACY and 122 West 146th Street New York, NY
Capsule Pharmacy in New York, New York - Pharmacy Address …
Capsule Pharmacy (CAPSULE CORPORATION) is a Community/Retail Pharmacy in New York, New York. The NPI Number for Capsule Pharmacy is 1063896215. The current location address for Capsule Pharmacy is 122 W 146th St, , New York, New York and the contact number is 212-675-3900 and fax number is 844-965-9882.
Capsule Pharmacy Review: Nothing Easier Than This Modern Pharmacy …
May 28, 2014 · Armed with a competitive price and a local presence, I decided to see what Capsule was all about. Below I’ll break down my experience and review the advantages that makes Capsule Pharmacy stand out as the model modern pharmacy.
Capsule | A better, smarter, kinder pharmacy - Capsule Pharmacy
Don't see your city? Prescriptions delivered the same day. Your insurance accepted. Pharmacists who text. For free.
Capsule Pharmacy - 20 W 36th St - Cybo
Capsule Pharmacy is working in Department stores, Computer programming, web design, Shopping, Pharmacies and drug stores activities. You can contact the company at (212) 675-3900. You can find more information about Capsule Pharmacy at www.capsule.com.
