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In rhetoric, chiasmus ( ky-AZ-məs) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek χίασμα chiásma, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω, chiázō, "to shape like the letter Χ"), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses – but no repetition of words".
A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses in an A-B-B-A configuration, but unlike chiasmus, presents a repetition of words.




Examples


Chiasmus balances words or phrases with similar, though not identical, meanings:

"Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket, as do "doubts" and "suspects".
Additional examples of chiasmus:

By day the frolic, and the dance by night.
Despised, if ugly; if she's fair, betrayed.
For comparison, the following is considered antimetabole, in which the reversal in structure involves the same words:

Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure.
Both chiasmus and antimetabole can be used to reinforce antithesis. In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin and K'iche' Maya, where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text. Many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare and the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible. Chiasmus is also found throughout the Quran and the Book of Mormon.




Conceptual chiasmus


Chiasmus can be used in the structure of entire passages to parallel concepts or ideas. This process, termed "conceptual chiasmus", uses a criss-crossing rhetorical structure to cause an overlapping of "intellectual space". Conceptual chiasmus utilizes specific linguistic choices, often metaphors, to create a connection between two differing disciplines. By employing a chiastic structure to a single presented concept, rhetors encourage one area of thought to consider an opposing area's perspective.




Effectiveness



Chiasmus derives its effectiveness from its symmetrical structure. The structural symmetry of the chiasmus imposes the impression upon the reader or listener that the entire argument has been accounted for. In other words, chiasmus creates only two sides of an argument or idea for the listener to consider, and then leads the listener to favor one side of the argument.




Thematic chiasmus


The Wilhelmus, the national anthem of the Netherlands, has a structure composed around a thematic chiasmus: the 15 stanzas of the text are symmetrical, in that verses one and 15 resemble one another in meaning, as do verses two and 14, three and 13, etc., until they converge in the eighth verse, the heart of the song. Written in the 16th century, the Wilhelmus originated in the nation's struggle to achieve independence. It tells of the Father of the Nation William of Orange who was stadholder in the Netherlands under the king of Spain. In the first person, as if quoting himself, William speaks to the Dutch people and talks about both the outer conflict – the Dutch Revolt – as well as his own, inner struggle: on one hand, he tries to be faithful to the king of Spain, on the other hand, he is above all faithful to his conscience: to serve God and the Dutch people. This is made apparent in the central 8th stanza: "Oh David, thou soughtest shelter from King Saul's tyranny. Even so I fled this welter". Here the comparison is made between the biblical David and William of Orange as merciful and just leaders who both serve under tyrannic kings. As the merciful David succeeds the unjust Saul and is rewarded by God with the kingdom of Israel, so too, with the help of God, will William be rewarded a kingdom; being either or both the Netherlands, and the kingdom of God.




See also






References






Sources


Baldrick, Chris. 2008. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press. New York. ISBN 978-0-19-920827-2
Corbett, Edward P. J. and Connors, Robert J. 1999. Style and Statement. Oxford University Press. New York, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-511543-0
Forsyth, Mark. 2014. The Elements of Eloquence. Berkley Publishing Group/Penguin Publishing. New York. ISBN 978-0-425-27618-1
Lund, Nils Wilhelm (1942). Chiasmus in the New Testament, a study in formgeschichte. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 2516087.
McCoy, Brad (Fall 2003). "Chiasmus: An Important Structural Device Commonly Found in Biblical Literature" (PDF). CTS Journal. 9 (2). Albuquerque, New Mexico: Chafer Theological Seminary: 18–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Parry, Donald W. (2007). Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon (PDF). Provo, Utah: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. ISBN 978-0-934893-36-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company. p. 677. OCLC 402001.
Welch, John W. (1995). "Criteria for Identifying and Evaluating the Presence of Chiasmus". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 4 (2). Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Welch, John W. (1999) [1981]. Chiasmus in antiquity: structures, analyses, exegesis. Provo, Utah: Research Press. ISBN 0934893330. OCLC 40126818.




External links



Chiasmus, Rhetorical Figures, by Gideon O. Burton (professor of rhetoric and composition, BYU), at humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric
Chiasmus Explained at LiteraryDevices

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• Chiasmus - Wikipedia
• Chiasmus - Examples and Definition of Chasmus - Literary Devices
• Chiasmus - Definition and Examples - LitCharts
• Chiasmus Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
• Chiasmus: Definition and Examples - Grammarly
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• Chiasmus: Definitions and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net
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Chiasmus - Wikipedia

In rhetoric, chiasmus (/ k aɪ ˈ æ z m ə s / ky-AZ-məs) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek χίασμα chiásma, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω, chiázō, "to shape like the letter Χ"), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses – but no repetition of words". [1]A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical ...

Chiasmus - Examples and Definition of Chasmus - Literary Devices

Chiasmus is different from antimetabole.An antimetabole is the repetition of words in consecutive clauses, but in an inverted or transposed order. For example: “You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.”. Antimetabole examples resemble chiasmus, as they are marked by the inversion of structure. In examples of chiasmus, …

Chiasmus - Definition and Examples - LitCharts

Chiasmus is related to the figure of speech antimetabole. Chiasmus derives from the Greek for "a placing crosswise, diagonal arrangement." Chiasmus Pronunciation. Here's how to pronounce chiasmus: kigh-az-muss. Understanding Chiasmus. Chiasmus can be tricky to grasp at first, so here's a closer look at its most important elements.

Chiasmus Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

The meaning of CHIASMUS is an inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases (as in Goldsmith's to stop too fearful, and too faint to go).

Chiasmus: Definition and Examples - Grammarly

Jan 31, 2023 · Chiasmus (pronounced kee-az-muss) is a two-part phrase where the second part mirrors the first. It can make your writing more memorable by giving it depth and rhythm. What is chiasmus? Chiasmus is defined as a literary device in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order.

16 Chiasmus Examples + Definition (Write Like Yoda, You Will)

Sep 30, 2024 · Chiasmus is a two-part sentence or phrase, where the second part is a reversal of the first. “When the going gets tough, the tough get going” is a simple example of this literary device. I need to clarify something, though. Chiasmus doesn’t have to use the same wording in both phrases to qualify as a chiasm. Check out this example:

Chiasmus: Definitions and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net

A chiasmus can easily leave out extremely important details or considerations that make a big difference to the author’s point. But in rhetoric, what matters is the audience’s perception, and chiasmus is a great way to make readers perceive your writing as more complete.

Chiasmus | Definition & Examples - Scribbr

Nov 22, 2024 · Chiasmus examples. Chiasmus is a literary device that requires wit and must often be carefully constructed, making it more common in poetry or speeches than everyday language. Chiasmus examples “The art of progress is to preserve order amid change and to preserve change amid order.” —Alfred North Whitehead

Chiasmus Examples and Definition - Literary Devices

Chiasmus was very important in ancient texts, as it was a way to strike balance in a work of literature. Examples of chiasmus can be found in ancient Greek, Hebrew, and Latin texts, as well as many religious scriptures. Chiasmus had a particularly important place in Christianity.

What Is a Chiasmus? Definition & 10+ Examples - Enlightio

Nov 6, 2023 · Chiasmus is a rhetorical device used in literature, poetry, and speeches. It is characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of words or phrases within a sentence or group of sentences. Chiasmus employs the reversal of the order of …