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- Orthus – Mythopedia
- Agamemnon - Mythopedia
- Ceto - Mythopedia
- Minotaur Names – Dungeons & Dragons - Mythopedia
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According to Greek mythology, the Chimera, Chimaera, Chimæra, or Khimaira ( ky-MEER-ə, kih-; Ancient Greek: Χίμαιρα, romanized: Chímaira, lit. 'she-goat') was a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature from Lycia, Asia Minor, composed of different animal parts. Typically, it is depicted as a lion with a goat's head protruding from its back and a tail ending with a snake's head. Some representations also include dragon's wings. It was an offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of monsters like Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra.
The term "chimera" has come to describe any mythical or fictional creature with parts taken from various animals, to describe anything composed of disparate parts or perceived as wildly imaginative, implausible, or dazzling. In other words, a chimera can be any hybrid creature.
In figurative use, derived from the mythological meaning, "chimera" refers to an unrealistic, or unrealisable, wild, foolish or vain dream, notion or objective.
Family
According to Hesiod, the Chimera's mother was a certain ambiguous "she", which may refer to Echidna, in which case the father would presumably be Typhon, though possibly (unlikely) the Hydra or even Ceto was meant instead. However, the mythographers Apollodorus (citing Hesiod as his source) and Hyginus both make the Chimera the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. Hesiod also has the Sphinx and the Nemean lion as the offspring of Orthus, and another ambiguous "she", often understood as probably referring to the Chimera, although possibly instead to Echidna, or again even Ceto.
Description
Homer described the Chimera in the Iliad, saying that "she was of divine stock not of men, in the fore part a lion, in the hinder a serpent, and in the midst a goat, breathing forth in terrible wise the might of blazing fire." Hesiod and Apollodorus gave similar descriptions: a three-headed creature with a lion in front, a fire-breathing goat in the middle, and a serpent in the rear.
Cumaean Sibyl
In a lesser known tale, the Cumaean Sibyl enountered the Chimera in a vision, interpreting it as an omen. She advised her followers to establish harmony in their community to prevent the chaos and destruction that might have been brought about by the Chimera.
Killed by Bellerophon
According to Homer, the Chimera, who was reared by Araisodarus (the father of Atymnius and Maris, Trojan warriors killed by Nestor's sons Antilochus and Trasymedes), was "a bane to many men". As told in the Iliad, the hero Bellerophon was ordered by the king of Lycia to slay the Chimera (hoping the monster would kill Bellerophon). Still, the hero, "trusting in the signs of the gods", succeeded in killing the Chimera. Hesiod adds that Bellerophon had help in killing the Chimera, saying, "her did Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slay".
Apollodorus gave a more complete account of the story. Iobates, the king of Lycia, had ordered Bellerophon to kill the Chimera (who had been killing cattle and had "devastated the country") since he thought that the Chimera would instead kill Bellerophon, "for it was more than a match for many, let alone one". But the hero mounted his winged horse Pegasus (who had sprung from the blood of Medusa) "and soaring on high shot down the Chimera from the height."
Iconography
Although the Chimera was, according to Homer, situated in foreign Lycia, her representation in the arts was wholly Greek. An autonomous tradition that did not rely on the written word was represented in the visual repertory of the Greek vase painters. The Chimera first appeared early in the repertory of the proto-Corinthian pottery painters, providing some of the earliest identifiable mythological scenes that may be recognized in Greek art. After some early hesitation, the Corinthian type was fixed in the 670s BC; the variations in the pictorial representations suggest multiple origins to Marilyn Low Schmitt. The fascination with the monstrous devolved by the end of the seventh century into a decorative Chimera motif in Corinth, while the motif of Bellerophon on Pegasus took on a separate existence alone. A separate Attic tradition, where the goats breathe fire and the animal's rear is serpentine, begins with the confidence that Marilyn Low Schmitt is convinced that there must be unrecognized or undiscovered local precursors. Two vase painters employed the motif so consistently they were given the pseudonyms the Bellerophon Painter and the Chimaera Painter.
Similar creatures
A fire-breathing lioness was one of the earliest solar and war deities in Ancient Egypt (representations from 3000 years prior to the Greeks), and influences are feasible. The lioness represented the war goddess and protector of both cultures that would unite as Ancient Egypt. Sekhmet was one of the dominant deities in upper Egypt and Bast in lower Egypt. As the divine mother, and more especially as protector, for Lower Egypt, Bast became strongly associated with Wadjet, the patron goddess of Lower Egypt.
In the Etruscan civilization, the Chimera appears in the Orientalizing period that precedes Etruscan Archaic art. The Chimera appears in Etruscan wall paintings of the fourth century BC.
In the Indus Valley Civilisation, the Chimera is depicted in many seals. There are different kinds of Chimera composed of animals from the Indian subcontinent. It is not known what the Indus people called the Chimera.
Although the Chimera of antiquity was forgotten in Medieval art, chimerical figures appear as embodiments of the deceptive, even satanic, forces of raw nature. They were depicted with a human face and a scaly tail, as in Dante's vision of Geryon in Inferno xvii.7–17, 25–27, hybrid monsters, more akin to the Manticore of Pliny's Natural History (viii.90), provided iconic representations of hypocrisy and fraud well into the seventeenth century through a symbolic representation in Cesare Ripa's Iconological.
Classical sources
The myths of the Chimera may be found in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus (book 1), the Iliad (book 16) by Homer, the Fabulae 57 and 151 by Hyginus, the Metamorphoses (book VI 339 by Ovid; IX 648), and the Theogony 319ff by Hesiod.
Virgil, in the Aeneid (book 5) employs Chimaera for the name of a gigantic ship of Gyas in the ship-race, with possible allegorical significance in contemporary Roman politics.
Hypothesis about origin
Pliny the Elder cited Ctesias and quoted Photius identifying the Chimera with an area of permanent gas vents that still may be found by hikers on the Lycian Way in southwest Turkey. Called in Turkish, Yanartaş (flaming rock), the area contains some two dozen vents in the ground, grouped in two patches on the hillside above the Temple of Hephaestus approximately 3 km north of Çıralı, near ancient Olympos, in Lycia. The vents emit burning methane thought to be of metamorphic origin. The fires of these were landmarks in ancient times and were used for navigation by sailors.
The Neo-Hittite Chimera from Carchemish, dated 850–750 BC, which is now housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, is believed to be a basis for the Greek legend. It differs, however, from the Greek version in that a winged body of a lioness also has a human head rising from her shoulders.
Use for Chinese mythological creatures
Some western scholars of Chinese art, starting with Victor Segalen, use the word "chimera" generically to refer to winged leonine or mixed species quadrupeds, such as bixie, tianlu, and even qilin.
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
Clay, Jenny Strauss, Hesiod's Cosmos, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-82392-0.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87220-821-6.
Most, G.W., Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-674-99720-2. Online version at Harvard University Press.
Peck, Harry Thurston, 1898. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities: "Chimaera"
West, M. L., Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press.
External links
Theoi Project: Khimaira
Harappan Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts'. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization
"Chimaera" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 164.
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Chimera - Mythopedia
Mar 22, 2023 · The origins of the Chimera are obscure. Ancient sources agreed that the hybrid monster was the offspring of Typhoeus and Echidna and lived somewhere in Lycia. According to Homer’s Iliad, the Chimera was raised by a certain Amisodarus to be “a bane to many men.” Beyond this detail, the Chimera only shows up in the mythology of Bellerophon.
Bellerophon - Mythopedia
Jul 7, 2023 · Bellerophon Slays the Chimera. Bellerophon’s most glorious moment was probably his battle with the Chimera. The Chimera was a monster combining the features of a goat, a lion, and a snake. It had multiple heads, one of which breathed fire. Iobates, the king of Lycia in Anatolia, had been told (falsely) that Bellerophon had tried to rape his ...
Hydra - Mythopedia
May 20, 2023 · A 2009 monster movie, titled simply Hydra, was also inspired by the many-headed serpent of Greek mythology. Moreover, the name “Hydra” was given to a villainous organization in the Marvel Comics and Marvel Cinematic Universe; the organization’s name is evocative of its wide reach and numerous members, and its motto is an allusion to the ...
Echidna - Mythopedia
Mar 22, 2023 · Echidna was a primeval female monster, usually represented as a woman from the waist up and a snake from the waist down. She was said to have been the mother of some of the most fearsome monsters of Greek myth, including Cerberus, the Chimera, and the Hydra.
Sphinx – Mythopedia
Mar 25, 2023 · Sometimes it also boasted avian anatomy, such as the wings of an eagle or falcon. In Greek mythology, the Sphinx was always female. The Greek version of the Sphinx was usually called the offspring of either Orthus and the Chimera or of Typhoeus and Echidna (there were different versions). She made her lair outside the city of Thebes, where she ...
Pegasus - Mythopedia
Mar 24, 2023 · Pegasus was an immortal winged horse who sprang to life from Medusa’s blood after she was slain. He was eventually tamed and bridled by the hero Bellerophon, who rode him into battle against the Chimera.
Orthus – Mythopedia
Mar 24, 2023 · The passage is ambiguous, however, in describing the parentage of the Chimera; another possible interpretation is that the Chimera was the offspring not of Echidna but of the Hydra. Cf. Martin L. West, Hesiod: Theogony (Oxford: Clarendon, 1966), 254–55 (on l. 319).
Agamemnon - Mythopedia
Jul 12, 2023 · Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, was a general and hero who led the Greek army to victory in the Trojan War. He was later murdered by his wife Clytemnestra.
Ceto - Mythopedia
Sep 4, 2023 · Hesiod may have also made Ceto the mother of the Chimera, the Nemean Lion, and the Sphinx (the text is syntactically ambiguous, making different interpretations possible). But in the more common reading, Typhoeus and Echidna were the parents of the Chimera, while Orthus and Echidna were the parents of the Nemean Lion and the Sphinx. ↩
Minotaur Names – Dungeons & Dragons - Mythopedia
Minotaur names in Dungeons & Dragons—in particular of minotaurs native to Theros—draw heavily from Greek mythology and language, playing on the similarities between the setting and ancient Greece and highlighting the minotaurs’ martial culture. These names, often medium to long in length, frequently feature strong consonant blends such as ...