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      • Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde or trichloroethanal, is the organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO. This aldehyde is a colourless liquid that is soluble in a wide range of solvents. It reacts with water to form chloral hydrate, a once widely used sedative and hypnotic substance.


      Production


      Chloral was first prepared, and named, by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1832. Liebig treated anhydrous ethanol with dry chlorine gas.
      Chloral is produced commercially by the chlorination of acetaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid, producing chloral hydrate. Ethanol can also be used as a feedstock. This reaction is catalyzed by antimony trichloride:

      H3CCHO + 3 Cl2 + H2O → Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 3 HCl
      The chloral hydrate is distilled from the reaction mixture. The distillate is then dehydrated with concentrated sulfuric acid, after which the heavier acid layer (containing the water) is drawn off:

      Cl3CCH(OH)2 → Cl3CCHO + H2O
      The resulting product is purified by fractional distillation. Small amounts of chloral hydrate occur in some chlorinated water.


      Key reactions


      Chloral tends to form adducts with water (to give chloral hydrate) and alcohols.
      Aside from its tendency to hydrate, chloral is notable as a building block in the synthesis of DDT. For this purpose, chloral is treated with chlorobenzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid:

      Cl3CCHO + 2 C6H5Cl → Cl3CCH(C6H4Cl)2 + H2O
      This reaction was described by Othmar Zeidler in 1874. The related herbicide methoxychlor is also produced from chloral.
      Treating chloral with sodium hydroxide gives chloroform Cl3CH and sodium formate HCOONa.

      Cl3CCHO + NaOH → Cl3CH + HCOONa
      Chloral is easily reduced to trichloroethanol, which is produced in the body from chloral.


      Toxicity


      Chloral and chloral hydrate have the same properties biologically since the former hydrates rapidly. Chloral hydrate was routinely administered to patients on the gram scale with no lasting effects. Prolonged exposure to the vapors is toxic with a LC50 for 4-hour exposure of 440 mg/m3.


      See also


      Chloral cyanohydrin
      Chloroacetaldehyde
      Dichloroacetaldehyde
      Fluoral
      Bromal
      Iodal


      References

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    Artikel Terkait "chloral"

    Chloral - Wikipedia

    Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde or trichloroethanal, is the organic compound with the formula Cl 3 CCHO. This aldehyde is a colourless liquid that is soluble in a wide range of solvents.

    Chloral hydrate - Wikipedia

    Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula Cl 3 C−CH(OH) 2. It was first used as a sedative and hypnotic in Germany in the 1870s. Over time it was replaced by safer and more effective alternatives but it remained in usage in the United States until at least the 1970s. [ 4 ]

    Chloral hydrate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com

    Chloral hydrate is for short-term use as a sedative or sleep medicine. It is sometimes given before a surgery to help you relax. Chloral hydrate may also be used to treat alcohol withdrawal symptoms, or to relieve anxiety caused by withdrawal from certain drugs such as barbiturates or narcotic medicine.

    Chloral hydrate | Sleep aid, Sedative, Anesthetic | Britannica

    24 Jan 2025 · Chloral hydrate, the first synthetically produced sedative-hypnotic drug, commonly used in the late 19th century to treat insomnia and still occasionally used to reduce anxiety or produce sleep before surgery.

    Chloral | C2HCl3O | CID 6407 - PubChem

    Chloral | C2HCl3O | CID 6407 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

    Chloral and Chloral Hydrate - Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated …

    High-performance liquid chromatography has been used for the determination of nanogram amounts of aldehydes, including chloral, in air, water and other environmental samples. Chloral was separated as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative using isocratic solvent elution and ultraviolet detection (Fung & Grosjean, 1981).

    CHLORAL AND CHLORAL HYDRATE - Trichloroethylene, …

    Chloral is a chlorinated aldehyde that is readily converted to chloral hydrate in the presence of water. It can be formed as a disinfection by-product as a result of chlorine-based disinfection of water.

    Chloral Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

    The meaning of CHLORAL is a pungent colorless oily aldehyde CCl3CHO used in making DDT and chloral hydrate.

    Chloral and chloral hydrate - Some Drinking-water Disinfectants …

    Chloral is readily converted to chloral hydrate in the presence of water. Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative before medical procedures and to reduce anxiety related to withdrawal from drugs. Wider exposure to chloral hydrate occurs at microgram-per-litre levels in drinking-water and swimming pools as a result of chlorination.

    Chloral - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Chloral hydrate is primarily known for its depressant effects on the central nervous system and doses of 500–2000 mg produces central nervous system depression in humans. It is also known to cause liver damage.