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      • Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia (east to the Yenisei Valley), and northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains). It is also naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia and is an invasive weed in several regions. It is the national flower of Scotland.
      The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Marsh thistle, Cirsium palustre, was ranked in first place while this thistle was ranked in sixth place. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2300 ± 400 μg).


      Description


      It is a tall biennial or short-lived monocarpic thistle, forming a rosette of leaves and a taproot up to 70 cm (28 in) long in the first year, and a flowering stem 1–1.5 m (3 ft 4 in - 4 ft 11 in) tall in the second (rarely third or fourth) year. It can grow up to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall. It sometimes will function as an annual, flowering in the first year. The stem is winged, with numerous longitudinal spine-tipped wings along its full length. The leaves are stoutly spined, grey-green, deeply lobed; the basal leaves grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long, with smaller leaves on the upper part of the flower stem; the leaf lobes are spear-shaped (from which the English name derives). The inflorescence is 2.5–5 centimetres (0.98–1.97 in) diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The seeds are 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long, with a downy pappus, which assists in wind dispersal. As in other species of Cirsium (but unlike species in the related genus Carduus), the pappus hairs are feathery with fine side hairs.


      Ecology


      Spear thistle is often a ruderal species, colonising bare disturbed ground, but also persists well on heavily grazed land as it is unpalatable to most grazing animals. Nitrogen-rich soils help increase its proliferation. The flowers are a rich nectar source used by numerous pollinating insects, including honey bees, wool-carder bees, and many butterflies. The seeds are eaten by goldfinches, linnets and greenfinches. The seeds are dispersed by wind, mud, water, and possibly also by ants; they do not show significant long-term dormancy, most germinating soon after dispersal and only a few lasting up to four years in the soil seed bank. Seed is also often spread by human activity such as hay bales.


      = Weed status

      =
      Spear thistle is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK Weeds Act 1959, and a noxious weed in Australia and in nine US states. Spread is only by seed, not by root fragments as in the related creeping thistle C. arvense. It is best cleared from land by hoeing and deep cutting of the taproot before seeds mature; regular cultivation also prevents its establishment.
      Despite this label, the plant has beneficial qualities beyond its very high nectar production. It produces seeds eaten by the American goldfinch, down from seed pods that is used by those birds for nesting material. However, despite this serving generalist pollinators and animals, it is highly recommended to plant native thistles and other plants as it can wreak havoc on natural ecosystems.


      Other names


      Common names include bull thistle, Scots, Scottish, or Scotch thistle, and common thistle.


      Uses


      The stems can be peeled (removing their spiny surfaces) and then steamed or boiled. The tap roots can be eaten raw or cooked, but are only palatable on young thistles that have not yet flowered. The dried florets steeped in water are used in rural Italy for curdling goats' milk in preparation for making cheese.. In Iran, cleaned stems are used in the dish Khoresh-e-Kangar (thistle stem stew).


      In culture


      The plant features in some Scottish ceremonies such as the "Riding of the Marches", held annually in Langholm in July. The 1992 specimen measured six feet in length.
      Spear thistle is also the emblem of Newton Regis in England.


      Flower language


      Cirsium vulgare Flower language

      Purple Flower - 'Independence, Strictness, Austerity, Do Not Touch'
      Pink Flower - 'Dignity, Strictness, Friendship, Joy, Romance'
      White Flower - 'Purity, Spirituality, New Beginning'
      Blue Flower - 'Rarity, Originality'


      References




      External links



      "Cirsium vulgare". Plants for a Future.
      "Cirsium vulgare". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
      Cirsium vulgare in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley

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    Artikel Terkait "cirsium vulgare"

    Cirsium vulgare - Wikipedia

    Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia …

    Cirsium vulgare - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox

    It is a high-value nectar plant for bees and butterflies and the songbirds eat the seeds and use the tufts of the seeds for their nests. The seeds are rich in oil, an important food source for seed …

    Bull Thistle Identification and Management - Penn State Extension

    03 Jan 2023 · Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) is a biennial that true to its name, has notable spines. This plant is much different than Canada thistle. The foliage of bull thistle has stiff hairs on top …

    Cirsium vulgare Profile – California Invasive Plant Council

    Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) is a perennial or biennial forb (family Asteraceae) Bull thistle is widespread in California and is most common in coastal grasslands, along edges of fresh and …

    Factsheet - Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle)

    Cirsium vulgare is a spiny herbaceous biennial, much branched to about 1.5 metres high with a deep tap root. Stems of C. vulgare have spiny wings. Leaves are dark green, deeply lobbed, …

    Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) | CABI Compendium

    17 Nov 2021 · This datasheet on Cirsium vulgare covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental …

    Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

    Working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.

    Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) - iNaturalist

    Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia …

    Weeds: Bull thistle – Cirsium vulgare | Hortsense ...

    21 Jun 2024 · The dark pink to purple flowers are one to two inches wide, appearing singly in mid-summer on the ends of branches. The flower bases are covered with spines. Bull thistle …

    Bull thistle – Cirsium vulgare - Plant & Pest Diagnostics

    Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Asteraceae (Aster family) Non-native. Erect, spiny biennial. First-year leaves originate from a basal rosette, followed by an erect, branched, flowering stem in …