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Citadel GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.
In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.
History
= 3300–1300 BC
=
Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley civilisation, where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall. The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.
Several settlements in Anatolia, including the Assyrian city of Kaneš in modern-day Kültepe, featured citadels. Kaneš' citadel contained the city's palace, temples, and official buildings. The citadel of the Greek city of Mycenae was built atop a highly-defensible rectangular hill and was later surrounded by walls in order to increase its defensive capabilities.
= 800 BC – 400 AD
=
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis, which literally means "high city", placed on a commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a lookout, a refuge, and a stronghold in peril, as well as containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace. The most well known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one – the Acrocorinth is famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strong points were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purpose.
In the first millennium BC, the Castro culture emerged in northwestern Portugal and Spain in the region extending from the Douro river up to the Minho, but soon expanding north along the coast, and east following the river valleys. It was an autochthonous evolution of Atlantic Bronze Age communities. In 2008, the origins of the Celts were attributed to this period by John T. Koch and supported by Barry Cunliffe. The Ave River Valley in Portugal was the core region of this culture, with a large number of small settlements (the castros), but also settlements known as citadels or oppida by the Roman conquerors. These had several rings of walls and the Roman conquest of the citadels of Abobriga, Lambriaca and Cinania around 138 BC was possible only by prolonged siege. Ruins of notable citadels still exist, and are known by archaeologists as Citânia de Briteiros, Citânia de Sanfins, Cividade de Terroso and Cividade de Bagunte.
167–160 BC
Rebels who took power in a city, but with the citadel still held by the former rulers, could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. The Hellenistic garrison of Jerusalem and local supporters of the Seleucids held out for many years in the Acra citadel, making Maccabean rule in the rest of Jerusalem precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in a different part of Jerusalem.
= 400–1600
=
At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the citadel – having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls – was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. Locals and defending armies have often held out citadels long after the city had fallen. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town and took many captives, but the citadel held out.
In the Philippines, the Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.
= 1600 to the present
=
In times of war, the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town that they defended. This was used, for example, during the Dutch Wars of 1664–1667, King Charles II of England constructed a Royal Citadel at Plymouth, an important channel port which needed to be defended from a possible naval attack. However, due to Plymouth's support for the Parliamentarians, in the then-recent English Civil War, the Plymouth Citadel was so designed that its guns could fire on the town as well as on the sea approaches.
Barcelona had a great citadel built in 1714 to intimidate the Catalans against repeating their mid-17th- and early-18th-century rebellions against the Spanish central government. In the 19th century, when the political climate had liberalized enough to permit it, the people of Barcelona had the citadel torn down, and replaced it with the city's main central park, the Parc de la Ciutadella. A similar example is the Citadella in Budapest, Hungary.
The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution – though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there – was to considerable degree motivated by the structure's being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris.
Similarly, after Garibaldi's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo, during the 1860 Unification of Italy, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel – a symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule – was ceremoniously demolished.
Following Belgium gaining its independence in 1830, a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in Antwerp Citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city had already become part of independent Belgium.
The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare; a similar case is the Battle of Huế during the Vietnam War, where a North Vietnamese Army division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.
= Modern usage
=
The Citadelle of Québec (the construction was started in 1673 and completed in 1820) still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America. It is home to the Royal 22nd Regiment of the Canadian Army and forms part of the Ramparts of Quebec City dating back to 1620s.
Since the mid 20th century, citadels have commonly enclosed military command and control centres, rather than cities or strategic points of defence on the boundaries of a country. These modern citadels are built to protect the command centre from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London in the UK, including the massive underground complex Pindar beneath the Ministry of Defence, are examples, as is the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker in the US.
Naval term
On armoured warships, the heavily armoured section of the ship that protects the ammunition and machinery spaces is called the armoured citadel.
A modern naval interpretation refers to the heaviest protected part of the hull as "the vitals", and the citadel is the semi-armoured freeboard above the vitals. Generally, Anglo-American and German languages follow this while Russian sources/language refer to "the vitals" as цитадель "citadel". Likewise, Russian literature often refers to the turret of a tank as the 'tower'.
The safe room on a ship is also called a citadel.
See also
List of citadels
Acropolis
Alcázar
Arx (Roman)
Fujian Tulou
Kasbah, a synonym
Kremlin (fortification)
Presidio
Rocca (fortification)
List of cities with defensive walls
List of forts
References
External links
Media related to Citadels at Wikimedia Commons
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Summer 2023 Citadel SWE intern pipeline : r/csMajors - Reddit
Nov 11, 2022 · To answer the infinite DM's I've received due to my other Citadel post: all of phone screen + virtual onsites were standard LC technical interviews, although one interviewer did ask me a couple questions about C and bit manipulation. The final rounds were purely behavioral/focused on past projects.
Official Citadel Color Chart : r/Warhammer40k - Reddit
Sep 9, 2015 · This is the official Citadel Color Chart, which matches the layer, shade, and drybrush colors to their corresponding base color. Apparently, this poster can be found in some Games Workshop stores. Here is the chart split into letter-sized (shaped?) images for printing convenience: Letter Size, Page 1 Letter Size, Page 2 Letter Size, Page 3
Does anyone know what the hole in The Citadel is for? Is there
As a side note, it is theorized that in the beta version of Half-Life 2, the Citadel was really a giant alien the whole time that was essentially wearing it's own protective suit like Gordon does. That explains why there are so many random bloodstains and yellow/green fluids seeping out of the seams of the walls and ceilings.
Citadel - Reddit
We saw the clip of Dahlia requesting the list from her son Mason Kane. We saw the mention of a Citadel agent giving away the secrets. We saw how they like to continually point fingers in different directions (e.g. Nadia before revealing what her secret actually was). What we haven’t seen is Mason Kane actually doing the deed of handing it over.
Is citadel a good place to work? : r/FinancialCareers - Reddit
OTOH, Citadel generally has very good pay (certainly better than an equivalent FAANG position) and good benefits/perks, as well as good clout for if/when you move to another finance company. If pay is your current top priority, you have some interest in finance, and you think you can manage stress/meh WLB/meh culture, then yes its a fine place ...
US Citadel Locations : r/WoWs_Legends - Reddit
May 13, 2019 · Note the Citadel in Yellow, and the Waterline in Blue. Models are based on the PC version of the game (Version 0.8.3.1). I will note any known changes to Citadel location beside the name of the ship in question. Ships are ordered by class and tier. All diagrams are taken from the port side of the vessel. IJN version found here. RN version found ...
Where can I go to buy a complete set of Citadel Paint?
Jul 28, 2022 · He uses Citadel because he sometimes does painting commissions for people with Warhammer sets and that makes sense. I feel intimidated by using other brands, especially with the squirt bottles because that forces you to kinda use a …
Citadel Boss 24 recommended ammo? : r/guns - Reddit
Apr 10, 2021 · I’ve owned both a Citadel Boss 25 as well as higher end semi autos like the Benelli M4. The following in my personal experience, others vary and the quality control is across the board for Citadel. The first 50-100 shots you want to use stuff like slugs, nitro express turkey rounds, or stuff like that.
How do I consistently hit citadels ? : r/WoWsBlitz - Reddit
The best way to get hits there is use AP against broadside targets, aiming for the waterline, while at a close-ish range. While Battleships have the best chance of hitting a opponent ship's Citadel, cruisers can hit each other's Citadel at close range when …
Where do I aim for citadel? : r/WorldOfWarships - Reddit
Jan 5, 2022 · Where their citadel is surrounded by thick armor on all sides with few gaps making them almost impossible to citadel at close ranges and very hard at longer ranges. 3.) Some ships also have slopped citadels, or their turtleback is slopped, which means if your shells don't overmatch them (if a shell is large enough, it will ignore ricochet ...
