climate categories in viticulture

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    In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season. While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany), maritime (ex: Bordeaux) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the northern and southern hemisphere. While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.


    Influence of climate on viticulture



    Beyond establishing whether or not viticulture can even be sustained in an area, the climatic influences of a particular area goes a long way in influencing the type of grape varieties grown in a region and the type of viticultural practices that will be used. The presence of adequate sun, heat and water are all vital to the healthy growth and development of grapevines during the growing season. Additionally, continuing research has shed more light on the influence of dormancy that occurs after harvest when the grapevine essentially shuts down and reserves its energy for the beginning of the next year's growing cycle.
    In general, grapevines thrive in temperate climates which grant the vines long, warm periods during the crucial flowering, fruit set and ripening periods. The physiological processes of a lot of grapevines begin when temperatures reach around 10 °C (50 °F). Below this temperature, the vines are usually in a period of dormancy. Drastically below this temperature, such as the freezing point of 0 °C (32 °F) the vines can be damaged by frost. When the average daily temperature is between 17 and 20 °C (63 and 68 °F) the vine will begin flowering. When temperatures rise up to 27 °C (80 °F) many of the vine's physiological processes are in full stride as grape clusters begin to ripen on the vine. One of the characteristics that differentiates the various climate categories from one another is the occurrence and length of time that these optimal temperatures appear during the growing season.
    In addition to temperature, the amount of rainfall (and the need for supplemental irrigation) is another defining characteristics. On average, a grapevine needs around 710 mm (28 in) of water for sustenance during the growing season, not all of which may be provided by natural rain fall. In Mediterranean and many continental climates, the climate during the growing season may be quite dry and require additional irrigation. In contrast, maritime climates often suffer the opposite extreme of having too much rainfall during the growing season which poses its own viticultural hazards.
    Other climate factors such as wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, sunlight as well as diurnal temperature variations—which can define different climate categories—can also have pronounced influences on the viticulture of an area.


    Mediterranean climates





    Wine regions with Mediterranean climates are characterised by their long growing seasons of moderate to warm temperatures. Throughout the year there is little seasonal change, with temperatures in the winter generally warmer than those of maritime and continental climates. During the grapevine growing season, there is very little rainfall (with most precipitation occurring in the winter months) which increases the risk of the viticultural hazard of drought and may present the need for supplemental irrigation.
    The Mediterranean climate is most readily associated with the areas around the Mediterranean basin, where viticulture and winemaking first flourished on a large scale due to the influence of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans of the ancient world.


    = Wine regions with Mediterranean climates

    =
    Tuscany and most other Central-Southern Italian wine regions
    Liguria
    Marsala, Sicily
    Pantelleria
    Sardinia
    Most Greek wine regions
    Cyprus wine regions
    Israeli wine regions
    Jordanian wine regions
    Lebanese wine regions
    Palestinian wine regions
    Most Albanian wine regions
    Most Montenegrin wine regions
    Corsica
    Languedoc and Roussillon
    Provence
    Southern Rhone Valley
    Malta
    Andalusia including Jerez de la Frontera
    Balearic Islands
    Canary Islands (bordering tropical)
    Catalonia
    Jumilla, Spain
    Vinos de Madrid
    Most Portuguese wine regions
    Primorska Slovenian wine region (Cfa)
    Coastal Croatian wine regions (Cfa)
    Some Azerbaijani wine regions
    Napa Valley and other coastal California wine regions
    Southern Oregon AVA
    Baja California wine regions
    Western Australian and South Australian wine regions
    Chilean Central Valley
    Western coastal South African wine regions
    Western and southern coastal Turkish wine regions:
    Aegean Region
    Marmara Region (bordering maritime)
    Mediterranean Region
    Thracian Lowlands, Southern Bulgarian wine region (Cfa)
    Upper Struma Valley, Southwestern Bulgarian wine region (Cfa)
    Azores (bordering maritime)
    Madeira
    Algerian wine regions
    Egyptian wine regions (irrigated by the Nile system)
    Moroccan wine regions
    Tunisian wine regions
    Shiraz wine region, Iran (until 1979, since largely grown in Australia and South Africa)


    Continental climates



    Wine regions with continental climates are characterised by the very marked seasonal changes that occur throughout the growing season, with hot temperatures during the summer season and winters cold enough for periodic ice and snow. This is generally described as having a high degree of continentality. Regions with this type of climate are often found inland on continents without a significant body of water (such as an inland sea) that can moderate their temperatures. Often during the growing season continental climates will have wide diurnal temperature variations, with very warm temperatures during the day that drop drastically at night. During the winter and early spring months, frost and hail can be viticultural hazards. Depending on the particular macroclimate of the region, irrigation may be needed to supplement seasonal rainfall. These many climatic influences contribute to the wide vintage variation that is often typical of continental climates such as Burgundy.
    There are more wine regions with continental climates in the northern hemisphere than there are in the southern hemisphere. This is due, in part, to small land mass size of southern hemisphere continents relative to the large oceans nearby. This difference means that the oceans exert a more direct influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere wine regions (making them maritime or possibly Mediterranean) than they would on the larger northern hemisphere continents. There are also several wine regions (such as Spain) that have areas that exhibit a continental Mediterranean climate due to their altitude or distance from the sea. These regions will have more distinct seasonal change than Mediterranean climates, but still retain some characteristics like a long growing season that is very dry during the summer.


    = Wine regions with continental climates

    =
    Burgundy (maritime by US standards)
    Côte-Rôtie and other Northern Rhone wine regions (maritime by US standards)
    Jura wine region (maritime by US standards)
    Most of the Loire Valley (maritime by US standards)
    Rioja (Cfa/Cfb)
    Italian Piedmont and most other Northern Italian wine regions (Cfa/Cfb)
    Douro (Mediterranean by US standards)
    Saale-Unstrut, Germany
    Saxony
    Armenian wine regions
    Most Austrian wine regions
    Most Bulgarian wine regions
    Inland Croatia (Cfa/Cfb)
    Most Czech wine regions
    Most Hungarian wine regions
    Kazakh wine regions
    Most Macedonian wine regions (Cfa)
    Most Moldovan wine regions
    Polish wine regions
    Most Romanian wine regions
    Most Russian wine regions
    Most Serbian wine regions (Cfa/Cfb)
    Most Slovak wine regions
    Podravje and Posavje, Slovenia (maritime by US standards)
    Inland Turkish wine regions including Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia
    Most Ukrainian wine regions
    Sabile, Latvia
    Most Canadian wine regions (including Okanagan Valley, British Columbia and except western BC)
    Mendoza, Argentina (subtropical)
    Most of Central Delaware Valley AVA (PA/NJ)
    Columbia Valley (includes Walla Walla Valley (Csa) and Yakima Valley)
    Most of Cumberland Valley AVA (PA/MD)
    Eastern Connecticut Highlands AVA
    Finger Lakes, NY
    Grand Valley, Colorado
    Hudson River Region
    Lake Erie AVA (NY/PA/OH)
    Lake Michigan Shore AVA, Michigan
    Most of Lancaster Valley AVA, Pennsylvania
    Lehigh Valley AVA, Pennsylvania
    Missouri Rhineland
    Niagara Escarpment AVA, NY
    Most of Ohio River Valley AVA (IN/KY/OH/WV)
    Most of the Missouri portion of Ozark Mountain AVA
    Most of Snake River Valley AVA (Idaho/Oregon)
    Mainland Southeastern New England AVA (CT/MA/RI)
    Texas Davis Mountains AVA
    Texas High Plains AVA
    Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA (IL/IA/MN/WI)
    Western Connecticut Highlands AVA
    Most Hokkaido wine regions
    Nagano Prefecture, Japan
    Tendō, Yamagata
    Yeongcheon wine region, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
    Yeongdong County, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea
    Beijing wine region
    Ningxia, China
    Xinjiang wine regions
    Yantai, China
    East of Cascade Range, Washington state, United States
    Central Otago wine region, New Zealand (maritime by US standards)


    Maritime climates





    Wine regions with maritime climates are characterised by their close proximity to large bodies of water (such as oceans, estuaries and inland seas) that moderate their temperatures. Maritime climates share many characteristics with both Mediterranean and continental climates and are often described as a "middle ground" between the two extremes. Like Mediterranean climates, maritime climates have a long growing season, with water currents moderating the region's temperatures. However, Mediterranean climates are usually very dry during the growing season, and maritime climates are often subject to the viticultural hazards of excessive rain and humidity that may promote various grape diseases, such as mold and mildew. Like continental climates, maritime climates will have distinct seasonal changes, but they are usually not as drastic, with warm, rather than hot, summers and cool, rather than cold, winters. Maritime climates also exist in some wine-growing areas of highlands of subtropical and tropical latitudes, including the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, the eastern Australian highlands and the central highlands of Mexico.


    = Wine regions with maritime climates

    =
    Bordeaux
    Champagne
    Irouléguy AOC, Lower Navarre
    Madiran wine region, Gascony
    Muscadet
    Alsace and Lorraine (continental by French standards)
    Most German wine regions (continental by French standards)
    Liechtenstein wine regions (continental by French standards)
    Moselle Valley including Luxembourg (continental by French standards)
    Most Swiss wine regions (continental by French standards)
    Bizkaiko Txakolina, Basque Country
    Rías Baixas (Csb)
    New Zealand wine regions
    Southern Chile including Bío Bío Valley, Itata Valley, and Malleco Valley (Csb)
    Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard (Cfa), and Nantucket (all part of Southeastern New England AVA and bordering continental)
    Long Island (Cfa bordering continental, primarily east end, and including the North Fork and The Hamptons)
    North Fork of Roanoke, Virginia
    Puget Sound (Csb)
    Rocky Knob AVA, Virginia
    Some of Shenandoah Valley AVA (VA/WV)
    Upper Hiwassee Highlands (GA/NC)(mostly Cfa)
    Volcano Winery, Hawaii
    Willamette Valley (Csb)
    Alpine Valleys, Victoria
    Australian Pyrenees
    Bowral, New South Wales
    Most of Canberra District wine region
    Cowra highlands, New South Wales
    Fleurieu zone including Kangaroo Island and Langhorne Creek, South Australia (Csb)
    Gippsland, Victoria
    Grampians, Victoria
    Granite Belt, Queensland/NSW
    Heathcote wine region, Victoria
    Henty, Victoria
    Mudgee highlands, New South Wales
    Orange, New South Wales
    Port Phillip, Victoria (includes Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley)
    Tasmania
    Tumbarumba wine region, NSW (semi-arid)
    Fraser Valley, British Columbia
    Gulf Islands, BC
    Vancouver Island wine regions including Cowichan Valley, BC
    Médanos, Buenos Aires Province
    Río Negro Province, Argentina (semi-arid)
    Tarija wine region, Bolivia
    Caxias do Sul, Brazil
    São Joaquim, Brazil
    Eastern Cape wine-growing areas including St Francis Bay, South Africa
    KwaZulu-Natal highlands
    Mossel Bay, Western Cape, South Africa (semi-arid)
    Some highland Ethiopian wine regions
    Belgian wine regions
    Danish wine regions
    Dutch wine regions
    England and Wales
    Southern Ireland
    Some Georgian wine regions
    Some Abkhazian wine regions
    Some Crimean wine regions including Massandra
    Some Krasnodar Krai wine regions
    Some Black Sea Region Turkish wine regions
    Pico IPR, Pico, Azores, Portugal
    Da Lat, Vietnam
    Chã das Caldeiras, Cape Verde
    Areas of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Querétaro, and Zacatecas, central highlands of Mexico
    Some Kashmir wine regions
    Thimphu wine region, Bhutan
    Matsumae Peninsula, Hokkaido
    West of Cascade Range, Washington state, United States (Csb)


    See also


    Climate classification


    Notes




    References

Kata Kunci Pencarian: climate categories in viticulture

climate categories in viticulture