command and control

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      Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou, David S. Alberts, and Jonathan R. Agre. The term often refers to a military system.
      Versions of the United States Army Field Manual 3-0 circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission.
      A 1988 NATO definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal. An Australian Defence Force definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for the accomplishment of missions and tasks. The Australian doctrine goes on to state: "The use of agreed terminology and definitions is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and procedures. The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning."


      Overview




      = US perspective

      =
      The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1".
      The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission." However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014."
      Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel. These military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units.
      The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.


      = Computer security industry

      =

      This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare. Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity.


      Derivative terms


      There is a plethora of derivative terms that emphasize various aspects, uses, and sub-domains of C2. These terms are accompanied by numerous associated abbreviations. For example, in addition to C2, command and control is often abbreviated as C2 and sometimes as C&C

      "Command and control" have been coupled with:

      Collaboration
      Communication / communications
      Computers / computing
      Electronic warfare
      Interoperability
      Reconnaissance
      Surveillance
      Target acquisition
      and others.

      Some of the more common variations include:

      AC2 - Aviation command & control
      C2I – Command, control & intelligence
      C2I – command, control & information (a less common usage)
      R2C2I - rapid advanced manufacturing, command, control & intelligence [developed by SICDRONE]
      C2IS – command and control information systems
      C2ISR – C2I plus surveillance and reconnaissance
      C2ISTAR – C2 plus ISTAR (intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance)
      C3 – command, control & communication (human activity focus)
      C3 – command, control & communications (technology focus)
      C3 – consultation, command, and control [NATO]
      C3I – 4 possibilities; the most common is command, control, communications and intelligence
      C3ISTAR – C3 plus ISTAR
      C3ISREW – C2ISR plus communications plus electronic warfare (technology focus)
      C3MS - cyber command and control mission system
      C3/SA - C3 plus situational awareness
      C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW – plus computers (technology focus) or computing (human activity focus)
      C4I2 – command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and interoperability
      C5I – command, control, communications, computers, collaboration and intelligence
      C5I – command, control, communications, computers, cyber and intelligence (US Army)
      C6ISR – command, control, communications, computers, cyber-defense and combat systems and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
      MDC2 - multi-domain command and control
      NC2 − nuclear command and control
      NC3 − nuclear command and control and communications
      and others.

      Command: The exercise of authority based upon certain knowledge to attain an objective.
      Control: The process of verifying and correcting activity such that the objective or goal of command is accomplished.
      Communication: Ability to exercise the necessary liaison to exercise effective command between tactical or strategic units to command.
      Computers: The computer systems and compatibility of computer systems. Also includes data processing.
      Intelligence: Includes collection as well as analysis and distribution of information.


      Command and control centers












      A command and control center is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency.
      Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers. They are also common in many large correctional facilities.
      A command and control center that is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post". A warship has a combat information center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado.


      Command and control warfare


      Command and control warfare encompasses all the military tactics that use communications technology. It can be abbreviated as C2W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare.
      The following techniques are combined:

      Cyber operations
      with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to the enemy and so disrupt its command and control capabilities. At the same time precautions are taken to protect friendly command and control capabilities against retaliation.
      In addition to targeting the enemy's command and control, information warfare can be directed to the enemy's politicians and other civilian communications.

      Electronic warfare (EW)
      Military deception
      Operations security (OPSEC)
      Psychological operations (PSYOP)
      Psychological warfare


      See also



      US and other NATO specific:

      Other

      Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies


      References




      = Citations

      =


      = Sources

      =


      External links



      Command and control definitions and procedures, UK College of Policing
      International Command and Control Institute
      Understanding Command and Control by D. S. Alberts and R. E. Hayes (2006)

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    Military Command and Control | RAND - RAND Corporation

    Aug 26, 2021 · Command and Control in the Future: Concept Paper 3: Conceptualising C2 as a Capability This is the third in a series of papers on military command and control (C2) in the future. This paper focuses on the importance of a holistic understanding of C2 as a socio-technical capability that must be proactively cultivated across Defence.

    Command Concepts: A Theory Derived from the Practice of …

    The qualities of commanders and their ideas are more important to a general theory of command and control than are the technical and architectural qualities of their computers and communications systems. This theory separates the art of command and control (C2) from the hardware and software systems that support C2.

    Command and Control in the Future - RAND Corporation

    Jan 29, 2024 · This is the first in a series of four papers examining how Command and Control (C2) will manifest in the future. This first paper sets a baseline for the subsequent research by exploring the future operating environment in which C2 systems will need to operate in the future.

    Command and Control in the Future - RAND Corporation

    Jul 24, 2024 · This is the fourth and final concept paper in a series examining the possible evolution of military command and control (C2) in the future. Building on the findings of previous papers, CP4 takes a closer look at enablers for C2 systems in the future, in terms of technological, personnel-related and organisational characteristics.

    Command and Control in the Future - RAND Corporation

    This is the second in a series of four papers examining how Command and Control (C2) will manifest in the future. The other papers in this series are as follows: Concept Paper 1: Black, James, Rebecca Lucas, John Kennedy, Megan Hughes & Harper Fine. 2024. Command and Control in the Future: Concept Paper 1 – Grappling with Complexity. Santa

    Command and Control in the Future - RAND Corporation

    Jan 29, 2024 · This is the second in a series of four papers examining how Command and Control (C2) will manifest in the future, and focuses on what will likely constitute the C2 enterprise. The findings of this paper set up further analysis and development of recommendations in the …

    Command and Control in the Future - RAND Corporation

    Jul 24, 2024 · This is the third in a series of papers examining the possible evolution of military command and control (C2) in the future. This paper focuses on the importance of understanding C2 as a socio-technical capability that must be proactively cultivated and maintained across Defence, rather than as a set of individual activities.

    Book Review: 'Command' by Lawrence Freedman | RAND

    Sep 4, 2024 · Lawrence Freedman's Command explores the political aspects of military operations since World War II, focusing on the inherent challenges of command. It highlights three key dichotomies in shaping military command: politicians versus generals, delegation versus control, and obedience versus initiative.

    Command and Control in the Future | RAND - RAND Corporation

    Jan 29, 2024 · Command and Control in the Future: Concept Paper 4: C2 Enablers. 24 Jul 2024. This is the final paper in a series on military command and control (C2) in the future. This paper looks at enablers for C2 systems in the future, and how Defence can ensure that C2 capability continues to evolve and adapt to the demands of the FOE.

    Joint All-Domain Command and Control for Modern Warfare

    Jul 1, 2020 · The authors found that three primary enabling categories must be aligned to support future multidomain operations: (1) the command and control (C2) construct or how the forces are organized, where the authorities reside, and how they are trained and manned, (2) the data and data infrastructure needed to leverage data for C2, and (3) the tools ...