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A cowcatcher, also known as a pilot, is the device mounted at the front of a locomotive to deflect obstacles on the track that might otherwise damage or derail it or the train.
In the UK, small metal bars called life-guards, rail guards or guard irons are provided immediately in front of the wheels. They knock away smaller obstacles lying directly on the running surface of the railhead. Historically, fenced-off railway systems in Europe relied exclusively on those devices and cowcatchers were not required, but in modern systems cowcatchers have generally superseded them.
Instead of a cowcatcher, trams use a device called a fender. Objects lying on the tram track come in contact with a sensor bracket, which triggers the lowering of a basket-shaped device to the ground, preventing the overrunning of the obstacles and dragging them along the road surface in front of the wheels.
In snowy areas the cowcatcher also has the function of a snowplough.




Invention


An idea for a cowcatcher was proposed by Charles Babbage in 1830, during his period of working for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. However, Babbage's invention was not constructed, and it is uncertain whether later manufacturers were aware of Babbage's idea.
The first practical cowcatcher is widely credited to Isaac Dripps, who fitted one to the John Bull (locomotive) in 1833 shortly after steam haulage commenced on the Camden and Amboy Railroad. His design is described and illustrated in David Stevenson's book Sketch of the Civil Engineering of North America, published in 1838.




Design



On a mainline locomotive, the cowcatcher has to successfully deflect an obstacle hit at speed. The design principle is to push the object upwards and sideways out of the way and not to lift the locomotive on impact.
The typical shape is a blunt wedge with a shallow V-shape in plan. In the later days of steam locomotives, the front coupler was designed to swing out of the way also, so it could not get caught up; this was called a 'drop coupler pilot'.
Early on, cowcatchers were normally fabricated of bars mounted on a frame; later on, sheet metal cowcatchers were often used for their additional smoothness, and some cast steel cowcatchers were employed for their mass and smooth shape. Early diesel locomotives followed the same plan.
Cowcatchers on early switcher locomotives in the US often had steps (called "footboard pilots") to allow yard workers to ride with the locomotive. In some countries, footboard pilots are outlawed for safety reasons, and have been removed. Modern locomotives often have front and rear platforms with safety rails, or deeply recessed steps, where workers can ride.




Modern cowcatchers


Most modern European rail vehicles must have cowcatchers with a snowplough function and rail guards. The required strength of the system is 30 kN (6,700 lbf) in the middle of the track and 50 kN (11,000 lbf) near the rails.
Modern US diesel locomotives have flatter, less wedge-shaped cowcatchers, because a diesel locomotive has the cab near the front, and the crew are vulnerable to impact from obstacles pushed up by the cowcatcher.




Anti-climbers



To protect the crew and passengers, most modern locomotives have a horizontally grooved steel beam known as an anti-climber fitted across the front, above the coupler. Its purpose is to prevent colliding locomotives from riding up and moving over the locomotive frame through the cab.




See also


Bullbar
Buffer (rail transport)
Buffer stop
Headstock (rolling stock)




References






Further reading



"Notes and News: Pilot Engines, Past and Present". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 91, no. 556. Westminster: Railway Publishing Company. March–April 1945. pp. 117–118. - describes seven other meanings of the word "pilot" historically used on Britain's railways.
"Hubris and the Cowcatcher by John H. White Jr". Railroad History (215). Pflugerville, Texas: Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 86–91. Fall–Winter 2016. - describes Lorenzo Davies, alleged inventor of the cowcatcher.

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Cowcatcher

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

Cowcatcher - Wikipedia

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

cowcatcher - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Cowcatcher Magazine | All about the community of model railroading and ...

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Cowcatcher - Wikipedia

A cowcatcher, also known as a pilot, is the device mounted at the front of a locomotive to deflect obstacles on the track that might otherwise damage or derail it or the train. In the UK, small metal bars called life-guards, rail guards or guard irons are provided immediately in front of the wheels. They knock away smaller obstacles lying ...

NOT A COWCATCHER?! What is it then? | Railroad 101 - YouTube

Oct 22, 2023 · Everyone knows that the front of a train is called a cowcatcher, right? Well, no. There were a select few that could act "sorta" like a "cow catcher", but hardly any of them actually are...

What Is the Giant Bumper on the Front of a Locomotive Called?

Jul 2, 2023 · What Is the Giant Bumper on the Front of a Locomotive Called? Here's a look at the cowcatcher accessory, how it's different that other front bumpers, and why it's a popular attachment on trains. Today, we’re exploring a different …

Cowcatcher Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

The meaning of COWCATCHER is an inclined frame on the front of a railroad locomotive for throwing obstacles off the track. Did you know?

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Charles Babbage’s ‘cowcatcher’ was designed for the first intercity railroad, the Liverpool & Manchester, in c.1838. As far as anyone knows, it was never fitted to any of their engines and we on’t know exactly what it looked like.

COWCATCHER | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

COWCATCHER definition: 1. a strong metal frame attached to the front of a train that pushes objects off the track as the…. Learn more.

LIONEL TOY TRAIN LOCOMOTIVE IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Identical to TYPE VII except closed cowcatcher. 2. Small generator has been removed. 3. Pin mounting for motor is knurled.

Cowcatcher

Feb 24, 2023 · A cowcatcher is a device on the front of a locomotive designed to deflect obstacles that could otherwise cause damage or derailment. It was invented by Charles Babbage in the 19th century. Cowcatchers are typically a blunt wedge shape that pushes objects upward and sideways, and on some locomotives, the front coupler can swing out of the way.

What does cowcatcher mean? - Definitions.net

A cowcatcher, also known as a pilot, is a metal device fitted at the front of a locomotive train. Its purpose is to clear obstacles or livestock from the tracks, thereby preventing any potential derailments or delays.

cowcatcher - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Sep 28, 2024 · cowcatcher (plural cowcatchers) (rail transport, principally US) A plough-shaped device affixed to the front of a locomotive (or other large vehicle), usually wedge or V-shaped so as to push or deflect objects on the tracks out of the way, to clear out the train's path and prevent the risk of derailment or major damage to it. Synonym: pilot