curly tailed lizard

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    Leiocephalidae, also known as the curlytail lizards or curly-tailed lizards, is a family of iguanian lizards restricted to the West Indies. One of the defining features of these lizards is that their tail often curls over. They were previously regarded as members of the subfamily Leiocephalinae within the family Tropiduridae. There are presently 30 known species, all in the genus Leiocephalus.


    Taxonomy


    Phylogenetic evidence supports Leiocephalidae being the most basal extant member of the clade Pleurodonta, with it diverging from the rest of the suborder as early as the Late Cretaceous, about 91 million years ago. As with many other higher-order taxa endemic to the Caribbean, it likely colonized the Antilles from South America during the Cenozoic; however, its deep divergence time from other lizards supports a much more complex and less straightforward history in the West Indies compared to other modern taxa.
    Phylogenetic analysis on the genus supports some members of the now-extinct Lesser Antillean Leiocephalus radiation being the most basal of the recent Leiocephalus, with the last-surviving members of this group, L. herminieri and L. roquetus, sharing traits not present in other curlytail lizards from the Greater Antilles and other areas, such as the absence of enlarged snout scales. The second most basal of the recent curlytail lizards is another recently extinct species, L. eremitus from Navassa, followed by all other members of the genus from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles. Another extinct species from the Lesser Antilles known only from fossil remains, L. cuneus of Antigua and Barbuda, is thought to be more closely related to more derived Leiocephalus from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles, such as L. carinatus, L. greenwayi and L. punctatus, than to the other, more basal Lesser Antillean and Navassa species.


    Distribution


    Curlytail lizards are native to the West Indies, with the extant (living) species in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and nearby small islands. Additionally, Leiocephalus carinatus and Leiocephalus schreibersii have been introduced to Florida.


    = Former distribution

    =
    Curlytail lizards formerly had a much wider native range, being distributed south to Jamaica and east to Puerto Rico and several of the Lesser Antilles. They went extinct in most of this range during the Quaternary extinction or Holocene extinction, with some members of the Lesser Antillean radiation surviving to recent times, perhaps remaining widespread until after European colonization. The last surviving members of the Lesser Antillean radiation, L. herminieri of Guadeloupe and L. roquetus of Martinique, went extinct during the early-mid 19th century.


    General anatomy


    The curly-tailed lizards vary in size depending on species, but typically are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) in snout-to-vent length. These lizards have no femoral pores, pterygoid teeth, or palatine teeth. Additionally, these lizards are observed to have overlapping scales.


    Behavior


    The curly-tailed lizards mostly forage on arthropods such as insects, but also commonly take flowers and fruits. Large individuals will eat small vertebrates, including anoles.
    As suggested by their name, most species of this family often lift their tail and curl it. This is done both when a potential predator is present and when not present, although in some curly-tailed lizard species it increases when a predator is present. It shows the fitness of the lizard to a would-be predator and—in the case of an attack—draws attention to the tail, which increases the lizard's chance of escaping. Although it has been suggested that it also functions as a territorial display, studies have been unable to find support for this, as the tail curling does not vary when another member of the same species is present.


    Conservation status and extinctions


    The conservation status of the species in this family varies greatly. Several species, for example Leiocephalus carinatus, are common and widespread. Others are rare and highly threatened, especially those restricted to a single small island or a single location on a larger island, like the critically endangered Leiocephalus (barahonensis) altavelensis from Alto Velo Island and critically endangered Leiocephalus onaneyi from Guantánamo Province in Cuba. Primary threats to their survival are habitat loss (for example, expanding agriculture, charcoal production and grazing goats) and introduced predators (for example, small Indian mongoose).
    Several species of Leiocephalus are already extinct, including all of the Jamaican, Puerto Rican and Lesser Antillean members of the genus. Some of these are only known from fossil or subfossil remains and became extinct in the Pleistocene or pre-Columbian era, but others such as two Lesser Antillean species and one from Navassa survived until comparatively recently, during the 19th century. Leiocephalus is the only known squamate genus to be entirely wiped out from the Lesser Antilles following European colonization; other reptilian genera that have also seen significant extirpations in the Lesser Antilles, such as Boa or Diploglossus, still retain relict populations on at least some islands, such as Dominica and Montserrat. This mass disappearance of Leiocephalus from the Lesser Antilles may be due to their inhabiting dry forests in littoral areas that were heavily exploited and deforested by early colonists. Few confirmed Leiocephalus fossil remains from after the early Holocene are known from the Lesser Antilles, which has raised doubts about their being only recently extirpated from this area; however, Leiocephalus fossil bones are small and closely resemble those of other lizard species, which may explain the lack of detection of Leiocephalus fossil bones from these areas aside from by the most highly trained palaeo-herpetologists.
    In modern times, three species, Leiocephalus endomychus, Leiocephalus pratensis and Leiocephalus rhutidira, have not been seen since the 1960s and 1970s and are recognized as critically endangered, possibly extinct, by the IUCN. They are among the "most wanted" EDGE species.


    Newly discovered species


    Lizards of this family are diurnal and mostly inhabit fairly open habitats in a generally well-studied part of the world. Consequently, the majority of the species and subspecies already were scientifically described several decades ago. In 2016, the first new curly-tailed lizard since the early 1980s was described. The species was found in the coastal dunes of Bahía de las Calderas in the southwestern Dominican Republic. This species differs from the rest within Leiocephalidae in that its bony parietal table is U-shaped versus V-shaped, the males have 3–4 enlarged post-postcloacal scales versus 2, and there are specific sexual dimorphism trails.


    Species and subspecies


    The following species and subspecies, listed alphabetically by scientific name, are recognized as being valid by the Reptile Database.


    = Extant and recently extinct species

    =


    = Fossil and subfossil species

    =
    †Leiocephalus anonymous Pregill, 1984 – Hispaniola
    †Leiocephalus apertosulcus Etheridge, 1965 – Hispaniola
    †Leiocephalus cuneus Etheridge, 1964 – Leeward Islands curlytail (extinct, Late Quaternary of Antigua and Barbuda and potentially Anguilla, La Désirade, and Marie-Galante, but might have survived to recent times)
    †Leiocephalus etheridgei Pregill, 1981 – Morovis curlytail (extinct, Late Pleistocene of Puerto Rico)
    †Leiocephalus jamaicensis Etheridge, 1966 – Jamaican curlytail (extinct, Late Pleistocene or Holocene of Jamaica)
    †Leiocephalus partitus Pregill, 1981 – Guánica curlytail (extinct, Pleistocene or Holocene of Puerto Rico)
    Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Leiocephalus.


    References




    Further reading


    Gray JE (1827). "A Description of a new Genus and some new species of Saurian Reptiles; with a Revision of the Species of Chameleons". Philosoph. Mag. Ann. Chem. Math. Astron. Nat. Hist. Gen. Sci. 2 (9): 207–214. (Leiocephalus, new genus, p. 207).
    Schwartz A, Thomas R (1975). A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 216 pp. (Leiocephalus species, L. barahonensis – L. viniculum, pp. 126–140).

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Curly-tailed lizard - Wikipedia

Leiocephalidae, also known as the curlytail lizards or curly-tailed lizards, is a family of iguanian lizards restricted to the West Indies. One of the defining features of these lizards is that their tail often curls over.

Meet The Curly Tail Lizard That Will Eat Almost Anything - All …

May 6, 2020 · What Is A Curly Tail Lizard? Tony CC Gray/Flickr Large swathes of northern curly-tailed lizards have invaded parts of Florida. The curly tail lizard, or Leiocephalus carinatus, is endemic to the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cuba, the …

Facts About Curly Tailed Lizards in Florida - Wildlife Informer

Curly tailed lizards have adapted to a wide range of habitats in Florida, making them a common sight in both natural and urban settings. They are most commonly found in coastal areas, including sandy beaches, dunes, and rocky shorelines.

Curly Tail Lizard Facts: Comprehensive Overview - Web Monitor

Jan 21, 2025 · The Curly Tail Lizard's habitat is characterized by low-lying vegetation, rocks, and sandy or muddy soil, which provides them with ample opportunities for basking, hunting, and escaping predators. Diet and Foraging Behavior. The Curly Tail Lizard is an insectivorous species, feeding on a wide range of insects, including ants, beetles, and ...

Leiocephalus carinatus - Wikipedia

Leiocephalus carinatus, commonly known as the northern curly-tailed lizard or saw-scaled curlytail, is a species of lizard in the family Leiocephalidae (curly-tailed lizard). [2]

Simply Astonishing Facts About Curly-tailed Lizards

Native to the Caribbean islands, Peru, and Cuba, curly-tailed lizards are very popular as pets. In this article, we shall look at some interesting curly-tailed lizard facts, such as their growth, diet, habitat, and general life of these reptiles.

20 Curly Tailed Lizard Facts

Dec 31, 2023 · Curly Tailed Lizards are fascinating creatures found in diverse environments, with unique features like their distinctive curly tails and impressive climbing abilities. They play a vital role in their ecosystems as active hunters and prey for larger predators.

Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard - Facts, Diet, Habitat ... - Animalia

Northern curly-tailed lizards are native to the Bahama Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Cuba. They live in coastal and rocky habitats and frequently visit suburban and urban areas. These are active, robust lizards. They are mostly terrestrial and …

Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard - Wild South Florida

In the 80-plus years since it first came to South Florida, it's become probably the second most common exotic lizard in the region, behind only the seemingly ubiquitous brown anole. We've seen it called an invasive species, but we haven't seen it officially designated as such.

Choosing a Curly-tailed Lizard - PetPlace

Dec 31, 2014 · Curly-tails are small, alert, active and terrestrial lizards. One or two lizards should be given a minimum floor space of 12 by 30 inches, the space of a 20-gallon long aquarium, but larger would be better. If you have three or more lizards, you’ll need a tank of 40 to 75 gallons.