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      Cython () is a superset of the programming language Python, which allows developers to write Python code (with optional, C-inspired syntax extensions) that yields performance comparable to that of C.
      Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C and then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules.
      Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x. The default can be overridden (e.g. in source code comment) to Python 3 (or 2) syntax. Since Python 3 syntax has changed in recent versions, Cython may not be up to date with the latest additions. Cython has "native support for most of the C++ language" and "compiles almost all existing Python code".
      Cython 3.0.0 was released on 17 July 2023.


      Design


      Cython works by producing a standard Python module. However, the behavior differs from standard Python in that the module code, originally written in Python, is translated into C. While the resulting code is fast, it makes many calls into the CPython interpreter and CPython standard libraries to perform actual work. Choosing this arrangement saved considerably on Cython's development time, but modules have a dependency on the Python interpreter and standard library.
      Although most of the code is C-based, a small stub loader written in interpreted Python is usually required (unless the goal is to create a loader written entirely in C, which may involve work with the undocumented internals of CPython). However, this is not a major problem due to the presence of the Python interpreter.
      Cython has a foreign function interface for invoking C/C++ routines and the ability to declare the static type of subroutine parameters and results, local variables, and class attributes.
      A Cython program that implements the same algorithm as a corresponding Python program may consume fewer computing resources such as core memory and processing cycles due to differences between the CPython and Cython execution models. A basic Python program is loaded and executed by the CPython virtual machine, so both the runtime and the program itself consume computing resources. A Cython program is compiled to C code, which is further compiled to machine code, so the virtual machine is used only briefly when the program is loaded.
      Cython employs:

      Optimistic optimizations
      Type inference (optional)
      Low overhead in control structures
      Low function call overhead
      Performance depends both on what C code is generated by Cython and how that code is compiled by the C compiler.


      History


      Cython is a derivative of the Pyrex language, but it supports more features and optimizations than Pyrex. Cython was forked from Pyrex in 2007 by developers of the Sage computer algebra package, because they were unhappy with Pyrex's limitations and could not get patches accepted by Pyrex's maintainer Greg Ewing, who envisioned a much smaller scope for his tool than the Sage developers had in mind. They then forked Pyrex as SageX. When they found people were downloading Sage just to get SageX, and developers of other packages (including Stefan Behnel, who maintains the XML library LXML) were also maintaining forks of Pyrex, SageX was split off the Sage project and merged with cython-lxml to become Cython.
      Cython files have a .pyx extension. At its most basic, Cython code looks exactly like Python code. However, whereas standard Python is dynamically typed, in Cython, types can optionally be provided, allowing for improved performance, allowing loops to be converted into C loops where possible. For example:


      Example



      A sample hello world program for Cython is more complex than in most languages because it interfaces with the Python C API and setuptools or other PEP517-compliant extension building facilities. At least three files are required for a basic project:

      A setup.py file to invoke the setuptools build process that generates the extension module
      A main python program to load the extension module
      Cython source file(s)
      The following code listings demonstrate the build and launch process:

      These commands build and launch the program:


      Using in IPython/Jupyter notebook


      A more straightforward way to start with Cython is through command-line IPython (or through in-browser python console called Jupyter notebook):

      which gives a 95 times improvement over the pure-python version. More details on the subject in the official quickstart page.


      Uses


      Cython is particularly popular among scientific users of Python, where it has "the perfect audience" according to Python creator Guido van Rossum. Of particular note:

      The free software SageMath computer algebra system depends on Cython, both for performance and to interface with other libraries.
      Significant parts of the scientific computing libraries SciPy, pandas and scikit-learn are written in Cython.
      Some high-traffic websites such as Quora use Cython.
      Cython's domain is not limited to just numerical computing. For example, the lxml XML toolkit is written mostly in Cython, and like its predecessor Pyrex, Cython is used to provide Python bindings for many C and C++ libraries such as the messaging library ZeroMQ. Cython can also be used to develop parallel programs for multi-core processor machines; this feature makes use of the OpenMP library.


      See also


      PyPy
      Numba


      References




      External links


      Official website
      Cython on GitHub

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    Using a dictionary in Cython , especially inside nogil

    Aug 28, 2015 · The Cython-C++ interface is a bit clunky and you can spend a lot of time working around it. The Python containers are actually better than you think. Everyone tends to forget about the cost of converting their C++ objects to/from Python objects.

    Compile main Python program using Cython - Stack Overflow

    Feb 24, 2011 · Yes, Cython is intended to be used as stated - as a way of simplifying writing C/C++ extension modules for the CPython python runtime. But, as nudzo alludes to in this comment , you can use the --embed switch at the command line prompt.

    Cython - dictionary keys and values static type definition

    Oct 25, 2013 · Python dicts are fairly good, but if you're not careful, Cython can pessimize them a great deal.For example, if you declare your key type as cdef int, and write for key in mydict: value = mydict[key], rather than for key, value in mydict.items():, Cython will blindly unpack from Python int to C int to store to key, then immediately turn around and repack from C int back to Python …

    Cython: are typed memoryviews the modern way to type numpy …

    Oct 4, 2014 · @user89 I learn about Cython by trying stuff out and by pursuing the source. For instance if you want to know what libcpp containers support, you pretty much have to check out the Include/libcpp/*.pxd files. Much of Cython isn't documented, Cython just does what it does. cython -a helps a tonne with understanding what Cython does. It does help ...

    What are all the types available in Cython? - Stack Overflow

    Apr 1, 2019 · Here are the equivalent of all the Python types (if I do not miss some), taken from Oreilly book cython book. Python bool: bint (boolean coded on 4 bits, alias for short) Python int and long [unsigned] char [unsigned] short [unsigned] int [unsigned] long [unsigned] long long; Python float. float; double; long double; Python complex. float ...

    Cython: how to make an python object as a property of cython class

    cdef is used to declare attributes of Cython extension types; public makes the attribute accessible from Python code; object is the type of the attribute, and means that it is a Python object; x is the identifier of the attribute; In your Cython file (named "p.pyx" for example):

    Wrapping a C library in Python: C, Cython or ctypes?

    Dec 22, 2009 · With Cython, OTOH, you're completely free to make the wrapping and calling code as thin or thick as you want. You can start with simple calls into your C code from regular Python code, and Cython will translate them into native C calls, without any additional calling overhead, and with an extremely low conversion overhead for Python parameters.

    python - Cython: "fatal error: numpy/arrayobject.h: No such file or ...

    Apr 14, 2015 · Re "experimental compilation support for normal Python modules" -- with the code I suggested above, .py modules are compiled normally (not with cython) while .pyx modules are compiled with cython. If you pass pyimport = True into pyximport.install(), then it will use cython for everything, even for example import random or import os. I don't ...

    Cython -a flag (to generate yellow-shaded HTML) without …

    Jun 15, 2012 · $ cython -a mycode.pyx you get a really nice HTML "annotation" file with yellow shading to indicate slow python operations vs fast C operations. You also get this same HTML file as a link every time you compile Cython code in Sage. My questions are: (1) Can I get this HTML file if I'm compiling using distutils?

    python - Cython + OpenCV and NumPy - Stack Overflow

    May 25, 2018 · Using Cython won't make a significant difference in this problem. To get a profile/benchmark of your code the Pycharm IDE has a profiling tool, or you can use kernprof. However, as a test, you can convert your code to the Cython code or C code with these instructions: Compile main Python program using Cython. Specifically, convert python code ...