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- Cytoplasmic hybrid
- Human–animal hybrid
- Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
- Hybrid (biology)
- Cytoplasmic male sterility
- Citrus taxonomy
- Church of England
- Enucleation (microbiology)
- Heterosis
- Hybridity
Ghostbusters (1984)
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Ivan Reitman
Ghostbusters II (1989)
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Ivan Reitman
Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes (2024)
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Justin Muller, Wes Ball
Underworld: Awakening (2012)
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Måns Mårlind
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)
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Matt Reeves
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)
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David Waters
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
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Rupert Wyatt
Cytoplasmic hybrid GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
A cytoplasmic hybrid (or cybrid, a portmanteau of the two words) is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast. Cytoplasts are enucleated cells. This enucleation can be effected by simultaneous application of centrifugal force and treatment of the cell with an agent that disrupts the cytoskeleton. A special case of cybrid formation involves the use of rho-zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion. Rho-zero cells are cells which have been depleted of their own mitochondrial DNA by prolonged incubation with ethidium bromide, a chemical which inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication. The rho-zero cells do retain mitochondria and can grow in rich culture medium with certain supplements. They do retain their own nuclear genome. A cybrid is then a hybrid cell which mixes the nuclear genes from one cell with the mitochondrial genes from another cell. Using this powerful tool, it makes it possible to dissociate contribution from the mitochondrial genes vs that of the nuclear genes.
Cybrids are valuable in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions.
Legal status in United Kingdom
Research utilizing cybrid embryos has been hotly contested due to the ethical implications of further cybrid research. In 2008, the House of Lords passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, which allows the creation of mixed human-animal embryos for medical purposes only. Such cybrids are 99.9% human and 0.1% animal. A cybrid may be kept for a maximum of 14 days, owing to the development of the brain and spinal cord, after which time the cybrid must be destroyed. During the two-week period, stem cells may be harvested from the cybrid, for research or medical purposes. Under no circumstances may a cybrid be implanted into a human uterus.
References
Further reading
"Embryology Bill: The key points". BBC News Online. 9 May 2008.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act at the Wellcome Trust
Fox, Marie (December 2009). "The human fertilisation and embryology act 2008: tinkering at the margins". Feminist Legal Studies. 17 (3): 333–344. doi:10.1007/s10691-009-9129-2. S2CID 143607194.
Kettell, Steven (2009). "Did Secularism Win Out? The Debate Over the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill" (PDF). Political Quarterly. 80 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2009.01959.x.
External links
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, as amended from the National Archives.
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008.
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