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The duke of Aquitaine (Occitan: Duc d'Aquitània, French: Duc d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyk dakitɛn]) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.
As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20. As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.
Coronation
The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital. The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges. Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges. When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title. In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.
The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.
Visigothic dukes
Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.
Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings
Merovingian kings are in boldface.
Chram (555–560)
Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
Gundoald (584/585)
Austrovald (587–589)
Sereus (589–592)
Chlothar II (592–629)
Charibert II (629–632)
Chilperic (632)
Boggis (632–660)
Felix (660–670)
Lupus I (670–676)
Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.
Direct rule of Carolingian kings
Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings
The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866. Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.
= House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)
== House of Auvergne
=The following were also Count of Auvergne.
= House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)
=Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
= House of Rouergue
=Raymond I Pons (932–936)
Raymond II (936–955)
= House of Capet
=Hugh the Great (955–962)
= House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)
=William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession.
Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.
From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.
= House of Plantagenet
=Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine
In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England. Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.
= Lord of Aquitaine (1360-1369)
=In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke). However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.
= Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (1362-1372)
=In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.
On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses. Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.
= Duke of Aquitaine (1372-1453)
=Valois and Bourbon dukes of Aquitaine
The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.
John II (1345–1350), son of Philip VI of France, acceded in 1350 as King of France.
Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
Louis (1401–1415), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.
Charles, Duc de Berry (1469–1472), son of Charles VII of France.
Xavier (1753–1754), second son of Louis, Dauphin of France.
The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children.
Family tree
See also
List of Aquitainian consorts
Notes
References
= Bibliography
=Curry, Anne (2003). The Hundred Years War. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fryde, Edmund B., ed. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Royal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-521-56350-5.
Mortimer, Ian (2006). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-2240-7301-X.
Previté-Orton, C. (1978). The shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-0963-2.
= Attribution
=This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 90–101
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