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Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (Chinese: 淫羊藿; pinyin: Yínyánghùo; Wade–Giles: Yin²-yang²-huo⁴), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae. The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia, and a few in the Mediterranean region.
Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.
The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor, in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown. While there is little clinical evidence to date, as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil – sold under the brand names Viagra, Levitra and Cialis – are all based on (stronger) PDE5 inhibitory action, it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men's sexual health supplements.




Description



Species of Epimedium are herbaceous perennials, growing from an underground rhizome. Their growth habits are somewhat variable. Some have solitary stems, others have a "tufted" habit, with multiple stems growing close together. There may be several leaves to a stem or the leaves may be solitary, produced from the base of the plant. Individual leaves are generally compound, often with three leaflets, but also with more. Leaflets usually have spiny margins. The leaves may be annual, making the plant deciduous, or longer lasting, so that the plant is evergreen. The inflorescence is an open raceme or panicle, the number of flowers varying by species.
Individual flowers have parts in fours. There are four smaller outer sepals, usually greenish and shed when the flower opens. Moving inwards, these are followed by four larger petal-like inner sepals, often brightly coloured. Inside the sepals are four true petals. These may be small and flat, but often have a complex shape including a nectar-producing "spur" that may be longer than the sepals. There are four stamens.
One of the common names for the genus, bishop's hat, arises from the shape of the flowers, particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals.




Taxonomy


The genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, in describing the European species E. alpinum. The name is a Latinized version of a Greek name for an unidentifiable plant, epimedion, that is mentioned in Pliny's Natural History (xxvii.57). The meaning of the original name is unclear.

Accepted species (65)




= Hybrids

=

Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens. These include:

E. × cantabrigiense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pubigerum
E. × perralchicum Stearn, hybrid between E. perralderianum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
E. × rubrum Morr., hybrid between E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum
E. × versicolor Morr., hybrid between E. grandiflorum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
E. × warleyense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
E. × youngianum Fisch & C.A.Mey, hybrid between E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum




Cultivation


Some varieties and hybrids have been in Western cultivation for the last 100 to 150 years. There is now a wide array of new Chinese species being cultivated in the West, many of which have only recently been discovered, and some of which have yet to be named. There are also many older Japanese hybrids and forms, extending the boundaries of the genus in cultivation. The majority of the Chinese species have not been fully tested for hardiness nor indeed for any other aspect of their culture. The initial assumption that the plants would only thrive where their native conditions could be closely replicated have proven to be overly cautious, as most varieties are proving extraordinarily amenable to general garden and container cultivation.
The cultivar 'Amber Queen' is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.




= Propagation

=
While they can be successfully propagated in early spring, epimediums are best divided in late summer, with the aim of promoting rapid re-growth of roots and shoots before the onset of winter. Several breeders (in particular Darrell Diano Probst, Tim Branney & Robin White) have also undertaken their own hybridization programmes with the genus. Various new nursery selections are gradually appearing in the horticulture trade, the best of which extend the colour and shape range of the flowers available to the gardener.




Chemistry


Epimedium wushanense contains a number of flavonoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids. The predominant flavonoid, epimedin C, ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.




Citations






General and cited references






External links


Media related to Epimedium at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Epimedium at Wikispecies

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Berberidaceae
• Taman Nasional Sochi
• Epimedium
• Icariin
• Epimedium sagittatum
• Epimedium grandiflorum
• Epimedium pinnatum
• Epimedium alpinum
• Epimedium acuminatum
• Epimedium wushanense
• Epimedium × rubrum
• William T. Stearn

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Daftar Isi

• HORNY GOAT WEED - Uses, Side Effects, and More - WebMD
• How to Grow and Care for Epimedium - The Spruce
• Epimedium - Wikipedia
• How to Plant, Grow, and Care For Epimediums - Epic Gardening
• Epimedium Plant Growing & Care Guide for Gardeners
• The Ultimate Guide: How to Grow Epimedium for Maximum Bloom
• Epimedium: Shade Gardening with Barrenwort or Fairy Wings
• How to Grow Epimediums | BBC Gardeners World Magazine
• Epimedium: varieties, growing & plant care - Plantura
• Epimedium Care – How to Plant, Grow and Help Them Thrive

HORNY GOAT WEED - Uses, Side Effects, and More - WebMD

Horny goat weed refers to various herb species of the Epimedium genus, and may be known as "yin yang huo." It has limited evidence of health benefits. Horny goat weed contains chemicals that...

How to Grow and Care for Epimedium - The Spruce

Jul 4, 2024 · The Epimedium genus is a group of plants described as carpeting perennials. Native to woodlands in Asia and the Mediterranean regions, these spring-blooming plants encompass dozens of varieties that grow well under trees and in shade and rock gardens, adding a burst of spring color to the landscape.

Epimedium - Wikipedia

Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (Chinese: 淫羊藿; pinyin: Yínyánghùo; Wade–Giles: Yin²-yang²-huo⁴), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae.

How to Plant, Grow, and Care For Epimediums - Epic Gardening

Jun 5, 2024 · Epimediums are small perennials that grace the shade garden with colorful foliage and flowers. Cultivated in numerous varieties, epimediums are carefree growers whose dynamic leaves and flowers bring a gentle “wow” to woodland plantings in spring and beyond.

Epimedium Plant Growing & Care Guide for Gardeners

Nov 24, 2023 · The Epimedium genus, commonly known as Barrenwort or Bishop's Hat, contains about 60 species of flowering plants native to Asia and the Mediterranean region. These shade-loving perennials are grown for their delicate, often colorful foliage and small, graceful flowers that appear in spring.

The Ultimate Guide: How to Grow Epimedium for Maximum Bloom

1 day ago · Planting Epimedium: A Step-by-Step Guide. 1. Prepare the Soil: Before planting, loosen the soil to a depth of about 12 inches and incorporate compost or leaf mold to enhance its fertility and drainage. 2. Spacing: Plant Epimedium rhizomes about 12-18 inches apart, depending on the variety. Ensure that the top of the rhizome is level with the soil surface.

Epimedium: Shade Gardening with Barrenwort or Fairy Wings

Epimediums are versatile evergreen perennials perfect for shaded gardens, attracting pollinators and requiring minimal care, with a wide variety of stunning selections to choose from.

How to Grow Epimediums | BBC Gardeners World Magazine

Discover everything you need to know about shade-loving epimediums in this step-by-step Grow Guide. Epimediums have heart-shaped leaves and a spreading habit, and are a natural fit for shady borders tricky, dry areas under trees and shrubs.

Epimedium: varieties, growing & plant care - Plantura

The shade loving epimedium plant – also known as horny goat weed, fairy wings, bishop’s hat or barrenwort – is ideal for underplanting and as a ground cover. Discover the most beautiful epimedium varieties, as well as how to plant and care for them.

Epimedium Care – How to Plant, Grow and Help Them Thrive

Oct 20, 2023 · Everything you need to know about epimedium care. From planting to wintering, learn how to successfully grow a healthy epimedium.