6.6
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Hazard analysis GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
A hazard analysis is one of many methods that may be used to assess risk. At its core, the process entails describing a system object (such as a person or machine) that intends to conduct some activity. During the performance of that activity, an adverse event (referred to as a “factor”) may be encountered that could cause or contribute to an occurrence (mishap, incident, accident). Finally, that occurrence will result in some outcome that may be measured in terms of the degree of loss or harm. This outcome may be measured on a continuous scale, such as an amount of monetary loss, or the outcomes may be categorized into various levels of severity.
The first step in hazard analysis is to identify the hazards. If an automobile is an object performing an activity such as driving over a bridge, and that bridge may become icy, then an icy bridge might be identified as a hazard. If this hazard is encountered, it could cause or contribute to the occurrence of an automobile accident, and the outcome of that occurrence could range in severity from a minor fender-bender to a fatal accident.
A hazard analysis may be used to inform decisions regarding the mitigation of risk. For instance, the probability of encountering an icy bridge may be reduced by adding salt such that the ice will melt. Or, risk mitigation strategies may target the occurrence. For instance, putting tire chains on a vehicle does nothing to change the probability of a bridge becoming icy, but if an icy bridge is encountered, it does improve traction, reducing the chance of a sliding into another vehicle. Finally, risk may be managed by influencing the severity of outcomes. For instance, seatbelts and airbags do nothing to prevent bridges from becoming icy, nor do they prevent accidents caused by that ice. However, in the event of an accident, these devices lower the probability of the accident resulting in fatal or serious injuries.
IEEE STD-1228-1994 Software Safety Plans prescribes industry best practices for conducting software safety hazard analyses to help ensure safety requirements and attributes are defined and specified for inclusion in software that commands, controls or monitors critical functions. When software is involved in a system, the development and design assurance of that software is often governed by DO-178C. The severity of consequence identified by the hazard analysis establishes the criticality level of the software. Software criticality levels range from A to E, corresponding to the severity of Catastrophic to No Safety Effect. Higher levels of rigor are required for level A and B software and corresponding functional tasks and work products is the system safety domain are used as objective evidence of meeting safety criteria and requirements.
In 2009 a leading edge commercial standard was promulgated based on decades of proven system safety processes in DoD and NASA. ANSI/GEIA-STD-0010-2009 (Standard Best Practices for System Safety Program Development and Execution) is a demilitarized commercial best practice that uses proven holistic, comprehensive and tailored approaches for hazard prevention, elimination and control. It is centered around the hazard analysis and functional based safety process.
Severity category examples
When used as part of an aviation hazard analysis, "Severity" describes the outcome (the degree of loss or harm) that results from an occurrence (an aircraft accident or incident). When categorized, severity categories must be mutually exclusive such that every occurrence has one, and only one, severity category associated with it. The definitions must also be collectively exhaustive such that all occurrences fall into one of the categories. In the US, the FAA includes five severity categories as part of its safety risk management policy.
(medical devices)
Likelihood category examples
When used as part of an aviation hazard analysis, a "Likelihood" is a specific probability. It is the joint probability of a hazard occurring, that hazard causing or contributing to an aircraft accident or incident, and the resulting degree of loss or harm falling within one of the defined severity categories. Thus, if there are five severity categories, each hazard will have five likelihoods. In the US, the FAA provides a continuous probability scale for measuring likelihood, but also includes seven likelihood categories as part of its safety risk management policy.
(medical devices)
See also
Environmental hazard – Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Failure mode and effects analysis – Analysis of potential system failures
Fault tree analysis – Failure analysis system used in safety engineering and reliability engineering
Hazard and operability study (HAZOP) – Study of risks in a plan or operation
Layers of protection analysis (LOPA) – Technique for evaluating the hazards, risks and layers of protection of a system
Medical Device Risk Management - ISO 14971 – ISO standard
Occupational safety and health – Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work
Reliability engineering – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
RTCA DO-178B – RTCA standard for safety-critical software (Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification)
RTCA DO-178C – International aeronautics software standard
RTCA DO-254 – Document for guidance of airborne electronic hardware (similar to DO-178B, but for hardware)
SAE ARP4754 – Aerospace Practice (System development process)
SAE ARP4761 – Aerospace recommended practice from SAE International (System safety assessment process)
Safety engineering – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety
Structured what-if technique (SWIFT) – Method of prospective hazards analysis
Further reading
Center for Chemical Process Safety (1992). Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, with Worked Examples (2nd ed.). Wiley-American Institute Of Chemical Engineers. ISBN 0-8169-0491-X.
Bahr, Nicholas J. (1997). System Safety Engineering and Risk Assessment: A Practical Approach (Chemical Engineering) (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 1-56032-416-3.
Kletz, Trevor (1999). Hazop and Hazan (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-85295-421-2.
Notes
References
FAA (September 29, 2023). "Safety Risk Management Policy (FAA Order 8040.4C)" (PDF). Retrieved May 6, 2024.
External links
CFR, Title 29-Labor, Part 1910--Occupational Safety and Health Standards, § 1910.119 U.S. OSHA regulations regarding "Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals" (especially Appendix C).
FAA Order 8040.4 establishes FAA safety risk management policy.
The FAA publishes a System Safety Handbook that provides a good overview of the system safety process used by the agency.
IEEE 1584-2002 Standard which provides guidelines for doing arc flash hazard assessment.
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Hazard and Risk - Risk Assessment - Canadian Centre for …
Other types of qualitative risk assessments include hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis, bowtie analysis, and other similar risk matrices. Semi-quantitative Methods. Semi-quantitative methods involve assigning numerical values or scores to various qualitative risk factors and then using these scores to rank or prioritize risk.
Hazard and Risk - Hazard Identification - Canadian Centre for ...
May 4, 2018 · Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk evaluation). Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard or control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control). Overall, the goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace.
Job Safety Analysis - Canadian Centre for Occupational Health …
May 10, 2024 · In a job safety analysis, each basic step of the job is broken down into steps to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown. Some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of the job, not just safety.
Hazard and Risk - Hazard Control - Canadian Centre for …
What is a hazard control program? A hazard control program consists of all steps necessary to protect workers from exposure to a substance or system, the training and the procedures required to monitor worker exposure and their health to hazards such as chemicals, materials or substances, or other types of hazards such as noise and vibration.
Job Safety Analysis Health and Safety Programs - Canadian …
In a job safety analysis, each basic step of the job is broken. down into steps to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown. Some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of the job, not just ...
Return to Work - Job Demands Analysis - Canadian Centre for ...
Jul 29, 2022 · Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown. A job demands analysis differs from a job safety analysis. The job demands analysis focuses on the demands of the job, not necessarily how to do the job. The job safety analysis can identify hazards throughout the task and suggest controls ...
Effective Workplace Inspections - Canadian Centre for …
May 10, 2024 · areas and equipment that require more in-depth hazard analysis ; The health and safety committee can review inspections, identify trends, and monitor the progress of the recommendations. This analysis can be used as part of the continual improvement process for the occupational health and safety program or management system. Appendix
Jan 21, 2025 · Assess the risk of each hazard and rank hazards by priority (consider the probability of harm and severity of harm). A ranked list of hazards. This list will be useful in planning further action. 3: Determine hazard control measures. 1. A record of hazard control measures at various locations. 2. Evaluation of the adequacy of hazard control ...
Emergency Showers and Eyewash Stations Safety Hazards
A job hazard analysis. and risk assessment can provide an evaluation of the potential hazards of the job and the work areas. The selection of protection -- emergency shower, eyewash or both -- should match the hazard. In some jobs or work areas, the effect of a hazard may be limited to the worker's face and eyes.
Risk Assessments: Foundations and Practical Applications
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Hazard Control, and Evaluation. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Hazard Control, and Evaluation. Health and Safety Committees. Health and Safety Foundations. Health and Safety Guide for Human Resources Professionals. Implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Program. Working in Cold Environments
