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Hematochezia is a form of blood in stool, in which fresh blood passes through the anus while defecating. It differs from melena, which commonly refers to blood in stool originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The term derives from Greek αἷμα ("blood") and χέζειν ("to defaecate"). Hematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed. The difference between hematochezia and rectorrhagia is that rectal bleeding is not associated with defecation; instead, it is associated with expulsion of fresh bright red blood without stools. The phrase bright red blood per rectum is associated with hematochezia and rectorrhagia.




Causes


In adults, most common causes are hemorrhoids and diverticulosis, both of which are relatively benign; however, it can also be caused by colorectal cancer, which is potentially fatal. In a newborn infant, haematochezia may be the result of swallowed maternal blood at the time of delivery, but can also be an initial symptom of necrotizing enterocolitis, a serious condition affecting premature infants. In babies, hematochezia in conjunction with abdominal pain is associated with intussusception. In adolescents and young adults, inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis, is a serious cause of hematochezia that must be considered and excluded.
Hematochezia can be due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, as the blood from such a bleed is usually chemically modified by action of acid and enzymes, it presents more commonly as black "tarry" feces known as melena. Haematochezia from an upper gastrointestinal source is an ominous sign, as it suggests a very significant bleed which is more likely to be life-threatening. Eating beetroot can cause harmless red-colored feces (beeturia) because of insufficient metabolism of a red pigment, and is a differential sign that may be mistaken as hematochezia. Consumption of dragon fruit (pitaya) or blackberries may also cause red or black discoloration of the stool and sometimes the urine (pseudohematuria). This too, is a differential sign that is sometimes mistaken for hematochezia.

In infants, the Apt test can be used to distinguish fetal hemoglobin from maternal blood.
Other common causes of blood in the stool include:

Colorectal cancer
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Other types of inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, or ulceration
Rectal or anal hemorrhoids or anal fissures, particularly if they rupture or are otherwise irritated
Shigella or shiga toxin producing E. coli food poisoning
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Menstruation
Dysentery
Diverticulosis
Salmonellosis
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Peptic ulcer disease
Esophageal varices
Gastric cancer
Angiodysplasia
Intense exercise, especially a high-impact activity like running in hot weather.
Radiation proctitis




Diagnosis


A complete blood count as well as an hemoglobin test should be performed when a patient presents symptoms of hematochezia. A colonoscopy may be necessary if there is suspicion of bleed from colon particularly in the elderly to look for the site and many causes of bleed like carcinoma, ulcerative colitis, rectal varices or other lesions and in certain instances upper gastrointestinal endoscopy may be required as well to look for any rapid and massive fresh bleed from upper gastrointestinal tract when there may not be sufficient time for the change of colour of blood to occur.




See also


Blood in stool




References






External links

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Pendarahan gastrointestinal
• Hematochezia
• Melena
• Blood in stool
• Dysentery
• Sigmoid colon
• Hematemesis
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Ulcerative colitis
• Guipi Wan
• Dieulafoy's lesion

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hematochezia

Daftar Isi

• Hematochezia - Wikipedia
• Blood in Stool (Hematochezia): Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - WebMD
• Hematochezia: What Is It, Causes, Signs, Symptoms | Osmosis
• Hematochezia vs Melena: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - Healthline
• Hematochezia vs. melena: What’s the difference?
• Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia - Clinical Methods - NCBI Bookshelf
• Rectal Bleeding - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
• Approach to the Patient With Hematochezia - Mayo Clinic …
• When to worry about blood in your stool (rectal bleeding)
• HEMATOCHEZIA (blood in stool): symptoms, causes and …

Hematochezia - Wikipedia

Hematochezia is a form of blood in stool, in which fresh blood passes through the anus while defecating. It differs from melena, which commonly refers to blood in stool originating from …

Blood in Stool (Hematochezia): Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - WebMD

Nov 15, 2023 · Blood in Stool (Hematochezia): Learn causes of bloody stools, the tests to diagnose the underlying problem, & treatment options.

Hematochezia: What Is It, Causes, Signs, Symptoms | Osmosis

Feb 4, 2025 · Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, bright red blood in the stool and is typically indicative of bleeding that stems from the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Hematochezia vs Melena: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - Healthline

Mar 27, 2018 · Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is usually categorized as either melena or hematochezia. Melena refers to black stools, while hematochezia refers to fresh, red blood in …

Hematochezia vs. melena: What’s the difference?

Feb 7, 2025 · Hematochezia and melena are two terms that describe different ways blood can appear in your stool. Hematochezia is bright red blood that generally starts lower in the …

Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia - Clinical Methods - NCBI Bookshelf

Hematochezia is the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools. Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood, which may be obviously red or have an appearance similar to coffee …

Rectal Bleeding - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Jul 31, 2023 · Rectal bleeding, or hematochezia, is a frequently encountered problem in the outpatient setting. It can herald a pathology in the proximal lower gastrointestinal tract, but it …

Approach to the Patient With Hematochezia - Mayo Clinic …

May 1, 2017 · This concise review offers a practical approach to 5 clinical presentations of hematochezia, ranging from hemodynamically significant life-threatening UGIB to anorectal …

When to worry about blood in your stool (rectal bleeding)

Dec 15, 2022 · Blood from polyps or colorectal cancer can show up in various ways. If a polyp or tumor is low in the rectum, you may see bright red blood similar to what can be seen with …

HEMATOCHEZIA (blood in stool): symptoms, causes and …

What is hematochezia? Hematochezia is the medical term for rectal bleeding. It refers to the passage of fresh blood mixed with stool through the rectum. Bleeding anywhere in the lower …