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Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), also known as 1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane, is a heterocyclic organic compound with diverse applications. It has the chemical formula (CH2)6N4 and is a white crystalline compound that is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is useful in the synthesis of other organic compounds, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and rubber additives. The compound is also used medically for certain conditions. It sublimes in vacuum at 280 °C. It has a tetrahedral cage-like structure similar to adamantane. The four vertices are occupied by nitrogen atoms, which are linked by methylene groups. Although the molecular shape defines a cage, no void space is available at the interior.




Synthesis, structure, reactivity


Hexamethylenetetramine was discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859.
It is prepared industrially by combining formaldehyde and ammonia:

The molecule behaves like an amine base, undergoing protonation and as a ligand. N-alkylation with chloroallyl chloride gives quaternium-15).




Applications


The dominant use of hexamethylenetetramine is in the production of solid (powder) or liquid phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, in which it is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g., in brake and clutch linings, abrasives, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by moulding processes, and fireproof materials.




= Medical uses

=

The compound is also used medically as a urinary antiseptic and antibacterial medication under the name methenamine or hexamine. It is used as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is sold under the brand names Hiprex, Urex, and Urotropin, among others.
As the mandelic acid salt (methenamine mandelate) or the hippuric acid salt (methenamine hippurate), it is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In an acidic environment, methenamine is believed to act as an antimicrobial by converting to formaldehyde. A systematic review of its use for this purpose in adult women found there was insufficient evidence of benefit and further research was needed. A UK study showed that methenamine is as effective as daily low-dose antibiotics at preventing UTIs among women who experience recurrent UTIs. As methenamine is an antiseptic, it may avoid the issue of antibiotic resistance.
Methenamine acts as an over-the-counter antiperspirant due to the astringent property of formaldehyde. Specifically, methenamine is used to minimize perspiration in the sockets of prosthetic devices.




= Histological stains

=
Methenamine silver stains are used for staining in histology, including the following types:

Grocott's methenamine silver stain, used widely as a screen for fungal organisms.
Jones' stain, a methenamine silver-Periodic acid-Schiff that stains for basement membrane, availing to view the "spiked" Glomerular basement membrane associated with membranous glomerulonephritis.




= Solid fuel

=
Together with 1,3,5-trioxane, hexamethylenetetramine is a component of hexamine fuel tablets used by campers, hobbyists, the military and relief organizations for heating camping food or military rations. It burns smokelessly, has a high energy density of 30.0 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg), does not liquify while burning, and leaves no ashes, although its fumes are toxic.
Standardized 0.149 g tablets of methenamine (hexamine) are used by fire-protection laboratories as a clean and reproducible fire source to test the flammability of carpets and rugs.




= Food additive

=
Hexamethylenetetramine or hexamine is also used as a food additive as a preservative (INS number 239). It is approved for usage for this purpose in the EU, where it is listed under E number E239, however it is not approved in the USA, Russia, Australia, or New Zealand.




= Reagent in organic chemistry

=
Hexamethylenetetramine is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. It is used in the Duff reaction (formylation of arenes), the Sommelet reaction (converting benzyl halides to aldehydes), and in the Delepine reaction (synthesis of amines from alkyl halides).




= Explosives

=
Hexamethylenetetramine is the base component to produce RDX and, consequently, C-4 as well as octogen (a co-product with RDX), hexamine dinitrate, hexamine diperchlorate, HMTD, and R-salt.
From October 2023, sale of hexamethylenetetramine in the UK is restricted to licenced persons (as a "regulated precursor" under the terms of the Poisons Act 1972).




= Pyrotechnics

=
Hexamethylenetetramine is also used in pyrotechnics to reduce combustion temperatures and decrease the color intensity of various fireworks. Because of its ash-free combustion, hexamethylenetetramine is also utilized in indoor fireworks alongside magnesium and lithium salts.




Historical uses


Hexamethylenetetramine was first introduced into the medical setting in 1895 as a urinary antiseptic. It was officially approved by the FDA for medical use in the United States in 1967. However, it was only used in cases of acidic urine, whereas boric acid was used to treat urinary tract infections with alkaline urine. Scientist De Eds found that there was a direct correlation between the acidity of hexamethylenetetramine's environment and the rate of its decomposition. Therefore, its effectiveness as a drug depended greatly on the acidity of the urine rather than the amount of the drug administered. In an alkaline environment, hexamethylenetetramine was found to be almost completely inactive.
Hexamethylenetetramine was also used as a method of treatment for soldiers exposed to phosgene in World War I. Subsequent studies have shown that large doses of hexamethylenetetramine provide some protection if taken before phosgene exposure but none if taken afterwards.




Producers


Since 1990 the number of European producers has been declining. The French SNPE factory closed in 1990; in 1993, the production of hexamethylenetetramine in Leuna, Germany ceased; in 1996, the Italian facility of Agrolinz closed down; in 2001, the UK producer Borden closed; in 2006, production at Chemko, Slovak Republic, was closed. Remaining producers include INEOS in Germany, Caldic in the Netherlands, and Hexion in Italy. In the US, Eli Lilly and Company stopped producing methenamine tablets in 2002. In Australia, Hexamine Tablets for fuel are made by Thales Australia Ltd. In México, Hexamine is produced by Abiya. Many other countries who still produce this include Russia, Saudi Arabia, and China.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• RDX
• Hexamethylenetetramine
• Quaternium-15
• Methenamine
• Methylene blue
• Adamanzane
• Formazine
• Methylene imine
• Duff reaction
• RDX
• Ineos

Hexamethylenetetramine - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Hexamethylenetetramine - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Hexamethylenetetramine - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Hexamethylenetetramine supplier | CasNO.100-97-0

Hexamethylenetetramine supplier | CasNO.100-97-0

Hóa chất Hexamethylenetetramine, Merck

Hexamethylenetetramine supplier | CasNO.100-97-0

Hexamethylenetetramine | Article about Hexamethylenetetramine by The ...

Hexamethylenetetramine - Align Chemical Ltd.

Hexamethylenetetramine - Align Chemical Ltd.

Hexamethylenetetramine Stock Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos ...

Hexamethylenetetramine | CAS 100-97-0 | SCBT - Santa Cruz Biotechnology

hexamethylenetetramine

Daftar Isi

• Hexamethylenetetramine - Wikipedia
• Hexamethylenetetramine ACS reagent, = 99.0 100-97-0
• Methenamine - Wikipedia
• An insight into hexamethylenetetramine: a versatile reagent
• Methenamine | C6H12N4 | CID 4101 - PubChem
• Hexamethylenetetramine - Hexamethylenetetramine, 1
• Hexamethylenetetramine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
• Hexamethylenetetramine | 100-97-0 - ChemicalBook
• Hexamethylenetetramine ≥99% | Sigma-Aldrich - MilliporeSigma
• Hexamethylenetetramine | ACS Reagent Chemicals

Hexamethylenetetramine - Wikipedia

Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), also known as 1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane, is a heterocyclic organic compound with diverse applications. [2][3] It has the chemical formula (CH 2) 6 N 4 and is a white crystalline compound that is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents.

Hexamethylenetetramine ACS reagent, = 99.0 100-97-0

Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) is a water soluble, heterocyclic organic compound with a cage-like structure resembling adamantane. It is commonly used in treating urinary tract infection.

Methenamine - Wikipedia

Methenamine, also known as hexamine or hexamethylenetetramine and sold under the brand names Hiprex, Urex, and Urotropin among others, is a urinary tract antiseptic and antibacterial medication which is used in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).

An insight into hexamethylenetetramine: a versatile reagent

Apr 18, 2013 · Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (1,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1]decane, C 6 H 12 N 4) is a fourth-cycled molecule. Hexamethylenetetramine is known by several other names, including methenamine, urotropine, and hexamine.

Methenamine | C6H12N4 | CID 4101 - PubChem

Hexamethylenetetramine is a polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a polycyclic cage, a polyazaalkane and a tetramine. Methenamine is a heterocyclic organic compound with a cage-like structure similar to adamantane.

Hexamethylenetetramine - Hexamethylenetetramine, 1

Hexamethylenetetramine. Synonyms: 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.1<SUP>3,7</SUP>]decane, Hexamine, Methenamine, Urotropine, Hexamethylenetetramine. CAS 100-97-0. Molecular Weight 140.19. Browse Hexamethylenetetramine and related products at MilliporeSigma.

Hexamethylenetetramine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA or hexa) is by far the most important curing agent for novolac. Typically, about 10% of hexa will be added to novolac. The hydrolysis of hexa by the water in novolac affords, via aminoalcohols (Figure 28), methylene …

Hexamethylenetetramine | 100-97-0 - ChemicalBook

Jan 27, 2025 · Hexamethylenetetramine (CAS 100-97-0) information, including chemical properties, structure, melting point, boiling point, density, formula, molecular weight, uses, prices, suppliers, SDS and more, available at Chemicalbook.

Hexamethylenetetramine ≥99% | Sigma-Aldrich - MilliporeSigma

Hexamethylenetetramine ≥99%; CAS Number: 100-97-0; EC Number: 202-905-8; Synonyms: 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane,Hexamine,Methenamine,Urotropine at Sigma-Aldrich

Hexamethylenetetramine | ACS Reagent Chemicals

Feb 28, 2017 · This monograph for Hexamethylenetetramine provides, in addition to common physical constants, a general description including typical appearance, information on chemical hazards and user safety, applications, change in state (approximate), aqueous solubility, and …