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- Which programming languages aren't considered high-level?
- Is Python interpreted, or compiled, or both? - Stack Overflow
- How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow
- Is C a middle-level language? - Stack Overflow
- High-level programming language for music composition
- Is HTML considered a programming language? - Stack Overflow
- Who converts High Level Language to Assembly language
- Compiling high-level language to machine code - Stack Overflow
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A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is.
In the 1960s, a high-level programming language using a compiler was commonly called an autocode.
Examples of autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.
The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse. However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions were largely isolated from other developments due to World War II, aside from the language's influence on the "Superplan" language by Heinz Rutishauser and also to some degree ALGOL. The first significantly widespread high-level language was Fortran, a machine-independent development of IBM's earlier Autocode systems. The ALGOL family, with ALGOL 58 defined in 1958 and ALGOL 60 defined in 1960 by committees of European and American computer scientists, introduced recursion as well as nested functions under lexical scope. ALGOL 60 was also the first language with a clear distinction between value and name-parameters and their corresponding semantics. ALGOL also introduced several structured programming concepts, such as the while-do and if-then-else constructs and its syntax was the first to be described in formal notation – Backus–Naur form (BNF). During roughly the same period, COBOL introduced records (also called structs) and Lisp introduced a fully general lambda abstraction in a programming language for the first time.
Features
"High-level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses, and call stacks, high-level languages deal with variables, arrays, objects, complex arithmetic or Boolean expressions, subroutines and functions, loops, threads, locks, and other abstract computer science concepts, with a focus on usability over optimal program efficiency. Unlike low-level assembly languages, high-level languages have few, if any, language elements that translate directly into a machine's native opcodes. Other features, such as string handling routines, object-oriented language features, and file input/output, may also be present. One thing to note about high-level programming languages is that these languages allow the programmer to be detached and separated from the machine. That is, unlike low-level languages like assembly or machine language, high-level programming can amplify the programmer's instructions and trigger a lot of data movements in the background without their knowledge. The responsibility and power of executing instructions have been handed over to the machine from the programmer.
Abstraction penalty
High-level languages intend to provide features that standardize common tasks, permit rich debugging, and maintain architectural agnosticism; while low-level languages often produce more efficient code through optimization for a specific system architecture. Abstraction penalty is the cost that high-level programming techniques pay for being unable to optimize performance or use certain hardware because they don't take advantage of certain low-level architectural resources. High-level programming exhibits features like more generic data structures and operations, run-time interpretation, and intermediate code files; which often result in execution of far more operations than necessary, higher memory consumption, and larger binary program size. For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may require the use of a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier. In many cases, critical portions of a program mostly in a high-level language can be hand-coded in assembly language, leading to a much faster, more efficient, or simply reliably functioning optimised program.
However, with the growing complexity of modern microprocessor architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce code comparable in efficiency to what most low-level programmers can produce by hand, and the higher abstraction may allow for more powerful techniques providing better overall results than their low-level counterparts in particular settings.
High-level languages are designed independent of a specific computing system architecture. This facilitates executing a program written in such a language on any computing system with compatible support for the Interpreted or JIT program. High-level languages can be improved as their designers develop improvements. In other cases, new high-level languages evolve from one or more others with the goal of aggregating the most popular constructs with new or improved features. An example of this is Scala which maintains backward compatibility with Java, meaning that programs and libraries written in Java will continue to be usable even if a programming shop switches to Scala; this makes the transition easier and the lifespan of such high-level coding indefinite. In contrast, low-level programs rarely survive beyond the system architecture which they were written for without major revision. This is the engineering 'trade-off' for the 'Abstraction Penalty'.
Relative meaning
Examples of high-level programming languages in active use today include Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Delphi, Perl, PHP, ECMAScript, Ruby, C#, Java and many others.
The terms high-level and low-level are inherently relative. Some decades ago, the C language, and similar languages, were most often considered "high-level", as it supported concepts such as expression evaluation, parameterised recursive functions, and data types and structures, while assembly language was considered "low-level". Today, many programmers might refer to C as low-level, as it lacks a large runtime-system (no garbage collection, etc.), basically supports only scalar operations, and provides direct memory addressing; it therefore, readily blends with assembly language and the machine level of CPUs and microcontrollers. Also, in the introduction chapter of The C Programming Language (second edition) by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, C is described as "not a very high level" language.
Assembly language may itself be regarded as a higher level (but often still one-to-one if used without macros) representation of machine code, as it supports concepts such as constants and (limited) expressions, sometimes even variables, procedures, and data structures. Machine code, in turn, is inherently at a slightly higher level than the microcode or micro-operations used internally in many processors.
Execution modes
There are three general modes of execution for modern high-level languages:
Interpreted
When code written in a language is interpreted, its syntax is read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage. A program called an interpreter reads each program statement, following the program flow, then decides what to do, and does it. A hybrid of an interpreter and a compiler will compile the statement into machine code and execute that; the machine code is then discarded, to be interpreted anew if the line is executed again. Interpreters are commonly the simplest implementations of the behavior of a language, compared to the other two variants listed here.
Compiled
When code written in a language is compiled, its syntax is transformed into an executable form before running. There are two types of compilation:
Machine code generation
Some compilers compile source code directly into machine code. This is the original mode of compilation, and languages that are directly and completely transformed to machine-native code in this way may be called truly compiled languages. See assembly language.
Intermediate representations
When code written in a language is compiled to an intermediate representation, that representation can be optimized or saved for later execution without the need to re-read the source file. When the intermediate representation is saved, it may be in a form such as bytecode. The intermediate representation must then be interpreted or further compiled to execute it. Virtual machines that execute bytecode directly or transform it further into machine code have blurred the once clear distinction between intermediate representations and truly compiled languages.
Source-to-source translated or transcompiled
Code written in a language may be translated into terms of a lower-level language for which native code compilers are already common. JavaScript and the language C are common targets for such translators. See CoffeeScript, Chicken Scheme, and Eiffel as examples. Specifically, the generated C and C++ code can be seen (as generated from the Eiffel language when using the EiffelStudio IDE) in the EIFGENs directory of any compiled Eiffel project. In Eiffel, the translated process is referred to as transcompiling or transcompiled, and the Eiffel compiler as a transcompiler or source-to-source compiler.
Note that languages are not strictly interpreted languages or compiled languages. Rather, implementations of language behavior use interpreting or compiling. For example, ALGOL 60 and Fortran have both been interpreted (even though they were more typically compiled). Similarly, Java shows the difficulty of trying to apply these labels to languages, rather than to implementations; Java is compiled to bytecode which is then executed by either interpreting (in a Java virtual machine (JVM)) or compiling (typically with a just-in-time compiler such as HotSpot, again in a JVM). Moreover, compiling, transcompiling, and interpreting is not strictly limited to only a description of the compiler artifact (binary executable or IL assembly).
= High-level language computer architecture
=Alternatively, it is possible for a high-level language to be directly implemented by a computer – the computer directly executes the HLL code. This is known as a high-level language computer architecture – the computer architecture itself is designed to be targeted by a specific high-level language. The Burroughs large systems were target machines for ALGOL 60, for example.
See also
Generational list of programming languages
Categorical list of programming languages
Very high-level programming languages
Low-level programming languages
High-level assembler
Abstraction (computer science)
References
External links
http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?HighLevelLanguage - The WikiWikiWeb's article on high-level programming languages
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High-Level vs. Low-Level Programming Languages, Explained
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What's the difference between a low-level, midlevel, and high …
A high level programming language isn't necessarily slower than than a low level programming language. I'll give you an example: scala is much higher level than java and provides many ways to work with multithreading and collections that perform better than it's java's equivalent.
What is the process of translating high level language into …
Oct 21, 2013 · LLVM will translate any number of high level languages to the same intermediate language, then run a series of optimizing passes (that end up at basically the same intermediate language), then finally a few passes to move it to the machine specific code. (This is still simplified, there are many passes and several intermediate languages).
Which programming languages aren't considered high-level?
In computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language; because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as ...
Is Python interpreted, or compiled, or both? - Stack Overflow
A compiled language is a high-level language whose code is first converted to machine-code by a compiler (a program which converts the high-level language to machine code) and then executed by an executor (another program for running the code). Correct me if my definitions are wrong. Now coming back to Python, I am bit confused about this.
How does an interpreter/compiler work - Stack Overflow
An S -> T translator accepts code expressed in source language S, and translates it to equivalent code expressed in another (target) language T. Examples of translators: Compilers - translates high level code to low level code, e.g. Java -> JVM; Assemblers - translates assembly language code to machine code, e.g. x86as -> x86
Is C a middle-level language? - Stack Overflow
May 26, 2010 · C is often called a middle-level computer language as it is a combination of the elements of high-level languages with the functionalism of assembly language. High Level language : A high-level programming language is one that's more user-friendly, to some extent platform-independent, and abstract from low-level computer processor operations ...
High-level programming language for music composition
The score creation language suffers from many-hands syndrome; in lack of recent clear leadership there are too many ways to do too many things with too many limitations, but it is still better than CSound because at least you can use reasonable high level structures. Still looking for a composition language that just gets it right.
Is HTML considered a programming language? - Stack Overflow
Jan 25, 2013 · HTML is akin to the punched musical sheets fed into an automatic piano, for browsers. In a sense it is browser programming language, i.e. it instructs the browser what to show. Many languages these days have high-level lambda constructs like LINQ in C# that tell the computer what to do not how.
Who converts High Level Language to Assembly language
Dec 22, 2016 · A compiler for a high-level language could convert high level code into assembler and a secondary utility could convert assembler into what you call machine code. A compiler could also produce machine code directly. Either option is valid and it is up to the compiler's designers to determine which is most appropriate.
Compiling high-level language to machine code - Stack Overflow
Jul 25, 2014 · After reading some answers from the site and viewing some sources, I thought that the compiler converts high-level language (C++ as an example) to machine code directly as the computer itself doesn't need to convert it to assembly, it only converts it to assembly for the user to view the code and can have more control over the code if needed.