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- Historical geology | Britannica
- What is Historical Geology? – Historical Geology
- Introduction to Historical Geology (Johnson et al.)
- A Brief History of Earth – Historical Geology
- Historical Geology - Encyclopedia.com
- Historical Geology (Bentley et al.) - Geosciences LibreTexts
- Historical Geology - Time, Geologic, Rocks, and Changes - JRank
- What is Historical Geology? – Introduction to Historical Geology
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Historical geology or palaeogeology is a discipline that uses the principles and methods of geology to reconstruct the geological history of Earth. Historical geology examines the vastness of geologic time, measured in billions of years, and investigates changes in the Earth, gradual and sudden, over this deep time. It focuses on geological processes, such as plate tectonics, that have changed the Earth's surface and subsurface over time and the use of methods including stratigraphy, structural geology, paleontology, and sedimentology to tell the sequence of these events. It also focuses on the evolution of life during different time periods in the geologic time scale.
Historical development
During the 17th century, Nicolas Steno was the first to observe and propose a number of basic principles of historical geology, including three key stratigraphic principles: the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, and the principle of lateral continuity.
18th-century geologist James Hutton contributed to an early understanding of the Earth's history by proposing the theory of uniformitarianism, which is now a basic principle in all branches of geology. Uniformitarianism describes an Earth formed by the same natural phenomena that are at work today, the product of slow and continuous geological changes. The theory can be summarized by the phrase "the present is the key to the past." Hutton also described the concept of deep time. The prevailing conceptualization of Earth history in 18th-century Europe, grounded in a literal interpretation of Christian scripture, was that of a young Earth shaped by catastrophic events. Hutton, however, depicted a very old Earth, shaped by slow, continuous change. Charles Lyell further developed the theory of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. Modern geologists have generally acknowledged that Earth's geological history is a product of both sudden, cataclysmic events (such as meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions) and gradual processes (such as weathering, erosion, and deposition).
The discovery of radioactive decay in the late 19th century and the development of radiometric dating techniques in the 20th century provided a means of deriving absolute ages of events in geological history.
Use and importance
Geology is considered a historical science; accordingly, historical geology plays a prominent role in the field.
Historical geology covers much of the same subject matter as physical geology, the study of geological processes and the ways in which they shape the Earth's structure and composition. Historical geology extends physical geology into the past.
Economic geology, the search for and extraction of fuel and raw materials, is heavily dependent on an understanding of the geological history of an area. Environmental geology, which examines the impacts of natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanism, must rely on a detailed knowledge of geological history.
Methods
= Stratigraphy
=Layers of rock, or strata, represent a geologic record of Earth's history. Stratigraphy is the study of strata: their order, position, and age.
= Structural geology
=Structural geology is concerned with rocks' deformational histories.
= Paleontology
=Fossils are organic traces of Earth's history. In a historical geology context, paleontological methods can be used to study fossils and their environments, including surrounding rocks, and place them within the geologic time scale.
= Sedimentology
=Sedimentology is the study of the formation, transport, deposition, and diagenesis of sediments. Sedimentary rocks, including limestone, sandstone, and shale, serve as a record of Earth's history: they contain fossils and are transformed by geological processes, such as weathering, erosion, and deposition, through deep time.
= Relative dating
=Historical geology makes use of relative dating in order to establish the sequence of geological events in relation to each another, without determining their specific numerical ages or ranges.
= Absolute dating
=Absolute dating allows geologists to determine a more precise chronology of geological events, based on numerical ages or ranges. Absolute dating includes the use of radiometric dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating, potassium–argon dating, and uranium–lead dating. Luminescence dating, dendrochronology, and amino acid dating are other methods of absolute dating.
Plate tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics explains how the movement of lithospheric plates has structured the Earth throughout its geological history.
Weathering, erosion, and deposition
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are examples of gradual geological processes, taking place over large sections of the geologic time scale. In the rock cycle, rocks are continually broken down, transported, and deposited, cycling through three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.
Paleoclimatology
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates recorded in geological time.
Brief geological history
Notes
External links
Geology – Earth history | Encyclopedia Britannica
Historical Geology | OpenGeology.org
GEOL 102 Historical Geology | Lecture notes for course at the University of Maryland
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Geology History | PDF | Geologic Time Scale | Stratigraphy
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Welcome – Historical Geology
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What is Historical Geology? – Historical Geology
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Historical Geology
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Historical geology - Wikipedia
Historical geology examines the vastness of geologic time, measured in billions of years, and investigates changes in the Earth, gradual and sudden, over this deep time.
A free online textbook for Historical Geology courses
Jan 17, 2020 · Welcome to the OpenGeology.org Historical Geology textbook! This textbook is intended for undergraduate courses in Earth history. It was written by Callan Bentley, Karen Layou, Russ Kohrs, Shelley Jaye, Matt Affolter, and Brian Ricketts.
Historical geology | Britannica
One of the major objectives of geology is to establish the history of the Earth from its inception to the present. The most important evidence from which geologic history can be inferred is provided by the geometric relationships of rocks with…
What is Historical Geology? – Historical Geology
Historical Geology is the science of reading that autobiography. But in order to read it, we first need to understand the language in which it is recorded. We must learn to “speak Rock.”
Introduction to Historical Geology (Johnson et al.)
Apr 24, 2024 · Historical geology is a discipline that uses the principles and methods of geology to reconstruct the geological history of Earth. Historical geology examines the vastness of geologic time, measured in billions of years, and investigates changes in the Earth, gradual and sudden, over this deep time.
A Brief History of Earth – Historical Geology
The main topics studied in Earth history are paleogeography, paleontology, and paleoecology and paleoclimatology—respectively, past landscapes, past organisms, past ecosystems, and past environments. This chapter will cover (briefly) the origin of the universe and the 4.6 billion year history of Earth.
Historical Geology - Encyclopedia.com
May 9, 2018 · In addition to providing a scientific framework for understanding the evolution of Earth over time, historical geology provides important information about ancient climate changes, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes that can be used …
Historical Geology (Bentley et al.) - Geosciences LibreTexts
Apr 11, 2024 · 1: What is Historical Geology? 2: A Brief History of Earth; 3: Earth as a System; 4: Earth Materials - The Rock Forming Minerals; 5: Earth Materials - Rocks; 6: Plate Tectonics; 7: Geologic Time; 8: Evolution Part I - The Theory; 9: Taphonomy - The Science of Death and Decay; 10: Innovations of Life Through Time - Life Finds a Way; 11: Mass ...
Historical Geology - Time, Geologic, Rocks, and Changes - JRank
Historical geology is the study of changes in Earth and its life forms over time. It includes sub-disciplines such as paleontology, paleoclimatology, and paleoseismology.
What is Historical Geology? – Introduction to Historical Geology
Historical Geology is the science of reading that autobiography. But in order to read it, we first need to understand the language in which it is recorded. We must learn to “speak Rock.”