Hydrolase GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

In biochemistry, hydrolases constitute a class of enzymes that commonly function as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond:





A

−

B
+

H

2





O




→


hydrolase







A

−

OH
+
B

−

H



{\displaystyle {\ce {A-B + H2O}}\quad {\xrightarrow[{\text{ hydrolase }}]{}}\quad {\ce {A-OH + B-H}}}


This typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules. Some common examples of hydrolase enzymes are esterases including lipases, phosphatases, glycosidases, peptidases, and nucleosidases.
Esterases cleave ester bonds in lipids and phosphatases cleave phosphate groups off molecules. An example of crucial esterase is acetylcholine esterase, which assists in transforming the neuron impulse into the acetate group after the hydrolase breaks the acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Acetic acid is an important metabolite in the body and a critical intermediate for other reactions such as glycolysis. Lipases hydrolyze glycerides. Glycosidases cleave sugar molecules off carbohydrates and peptidases hydrolyze peptide bonds. Nucleosidases hydrolyze the bonds of nucleotides.
Hydrolase enzymes are important for the body because they have degradative properties. In lipids, lipases contribute to the breakdown of fats and lipoproteins and other larger molecules into smaller molecules like fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids and other small molecules are used for synthesis and as a source of energy.




Nomenclature


Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substrate base". For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.




Classification


Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:

EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, phosphatase)
EC 3.2: sugars (DNA glycosylases, glycoside hydrolase)
EC 3.3: ether bonds
EC 3.4: peptide bonds (Proteases/peptidases)
EC 3.5: carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds
EC 3.6 acid anhydrides (acid anhydride hydrolases, including helicases and GTPase)
EC 3.7 carbon-carbon bonds
EC 3.8 halide bonds
EC 3.9: phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
EC 3.10: sulphur-nitrogen bonds
EC 3.11: carbon-phosphorus bonds
EC 3.12: sulfur-sulfur bonds
EC 3.13: carbon-sulfur bonds




Clinical considerations


Hydrolase secreted by Lactobacillus jensenii in the human gut stimulates the liver to secrete bile salts that aids in the digestion of food.




Membrane-associated hydrolases


Many hydrolases, and especially proteases associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or anchored through a single transmembrane helix. Some others are multi-span transmembrane proteins, for example rhomboid protease.




Etymology and pronunciation


The word hydrolase () suffixes the combining form of -ase to the hydrol syllables of hydrolysis.




See also



Phosphorylase
Serine hydrolase
Cadmium-transporting ATPase




References



EC 3 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London, covers only 3.1-3.4
More detailed taxonomy

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Glutamat karboksipeptidase II
• Lipida
• Lipoprotein lipase
• Endotelial lipase
• Substrat (kimia)
• Olmesartan
• Asam metilmalonat
• AADACL3
• AADACL4
• ACER2
• Hydrolase
• Acid hydrolase
• Epoxide hydrolase
• Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
• Glycoside hydrolase
• Serine hydrolase
• Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
• Bleomycin hydrolase
• Alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily
• Epoxide hydrolase 2

Hydrolase Meaning - YouTube

Enzym Hydrolase - YouTube

What are Hydrolase Enzymes? | MCAT Biochemistry - YouTube

Introduction to Hydrolase Enzymes - YouTube

Types of Hydrolase Enzymes w/ Mechanisms (peptidase, nuclease, lipase ...

PowerPoint Presentation

Lysosomal Enzymes List And Their Function Biology Brain, 59% OFF

Classification of Enzymes - QS Study

Oxidoreductases: characteristics, structure, functions, examples ...

Hydrolases Flashcards | Quizlet

No Title

No Title

hydrolase

Daftar Isi

• Epoxide Hydrolase, a Fat New Target for Alzheimer’s Therapy?
• Hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates cerebral Aβ ...
• An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation in a …
• Could Inhibiting a Liver Enzyme Ameliorate Alzheimer’s
• Genetic deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase delays the …
• TMEM175 Maintains Lysosome pH by Pushing Out Protons
• APOE Christchurch-mimetic therapeutic antibody reduces APOE …
• New Therapeutic Strategy—Mimic the ApoE Christchurch Mutation?
• Research Brief: New Mouse Line for Studying Upper Motor Neurons
• GBA - ALZFORUM

Epoxide Hydrolase, a Fat New Target for Alzheimer’s Therapy?

Dec 15, 2020 · The scientists found more epoxide hydrolase in brain tissue from people with AD and 5xFAD mice than in controls, corresponding to fewer epoxy fatty acids in the mice. Long-term treatment with an inhibitor curbed the hydrolase and boosted EpFA concentration in …

Hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates cerebral Aβ ...

Aug 2, 2023 · Pharmacological Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a New Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2020 Jun 2; PubMed. Martini RP, Siler D, Cetas J, Alkayed NJ, Allen E, Treggiari MM. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation in a …

Dec 15, 2020 · Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition decreases reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep. 2018 Mar 27;8(1):5279. PubMed. O'Brien CE, Santos PT, Kulikowicz E, Lee JK, Koehler RC, Martin LJ. Neurologic effects of short-term treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor after cardiac arrest in pediatric swine.

Could Inhibiting a Liver Enzyme Ameliorate Alzheimer’s

Aug 2, 2023 · But what if targeting a peripheral enzyme could do the job? In the June 26 Neuron online, researchers led by Xin-Hong Zhu at Shenzhen University, China, reported that inhibiting a liver enzyme, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), boosted the amount of protective epoxy fatty acids, particularly 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, in the blood of mice.

Genetic deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase delays the …

Genetic deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase delays the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2019 Dec 17;16(1):267. PubMed. Recommends. Please login to recommend the paper. Comments. No Available Comments. Make a Comment. To make a comment you must login or register.

TMEM175 Maintains Lysosome pH by Pushing Out Protons

Jun 23, 2022 · The work of this paper and others suggests that the function of each of the proteins encoded by these genes are intimately connected. For instance, glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the protein product of GBA1, exhibits optimal hydrolase activity at …

APOE Christchurch-mimetic therapeutic antibody reduces APOE …

Oct 30, 2023 · Further, a recent study showed that inhibition of liver enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase drives a subsequent increase of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in the blood and into the brain, release of ApoE by astrocytes, and activation of microglia that reduces Aβ plaque pathology and improves cognitive function (Wu et al., 2023).

New Therapeutic Strategy—Mimic the ApoE Christchurch Mutation?

Oct 24, 2023 · Further, a recent study showed that inhibition of liver enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase drives a subsequent increase of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in the blood and into the brain, release of ApoE by astrocytes, and activation of microglia that reduces Aβ plaque pathology and improves cognitive function (Wu et al., 2023).

Research Brief: New Mouse Line for Studying Upper Motor Neurons

Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs) integrate signals from many neural circuits and send instructions on to the motor neurons in the spine. To distinguish CSMN from nearby, similar-looking neurons, the team attached GFP to the promoter for ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a de-ubiquitinating enzyme stably expressed in CSMNs.

GBA - ALZFORUM

GBA encodes glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase that digests glycolipids. When the enzyme’s activity is impaired, these lipids build up in lysosomes, leading to cellular damage and inflammation. As PD, PDD, and DLB are diseases of α-synuclein aggregation, the link between GBA and α-synuclein is under intense study.